The Importance Of A Teacher With A Student - 1314 Words

I was fortunate to be working with a student willing and eager to learn new skills. She gave her consent to take part in the teaching session, however in keeping with NMC (2008) guidelines I respect the importance to protect her anonymity when disclosing information to a third party. With this in mind I will refer to her throughout the assignment as ‘Ann’. During our initial meeting Ann appeared extremely enthusiastic to learn, and despite having just entering the third year of her training, she seemed knowledgeable in many significant areas of nursing. Ann’s enthusiasm had a direct impact on my desires to become a good mentor. Welsh and Swann (2002) have drawn on the importance of this meeting, arguing that it provides the teacher with a background knowledge of the student’s current level of understanding and allows them to appreciate student’s learning style before planning how and what to teach. If a teaching session is to be entirely facilitativ e, this meeting can be used to determine specific learning outcomes related to the topic as identified by Neary (2000). A learning outcome, as defined by Neary (2000), is what a student should know, understand and be able to do following a period of learning. Hinchliff (1999) suggests that learning outcomes should be ‘SMART’. This stands for: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timed. I quite like this style and used it for developing learning objectives for my teaching session. When complying ideas for the teachingShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of A Teacher Student Relationship778 Words   |  4 PagesEach fall, both teachers and students look expectantly toward the new year as a time of excitement and optimism. Will I be able to help my students learn as much as they can as fast as they can? Will the teacher like me? Will my students like me? With or without research or theory, each member of the class community knows the importance of the teacher-student relationship. As an administrator in an elementary school with both the highest gifted percentage in the count and a visually-impaired clusterRead MoreThe Importance Of Students Teachers Voices2341 Words   |  10 Pageschapter provides a description of the teachers in the sample in order to provide a richer understanding of their lived experiences. In the following sections, I write about participating teachers’ opinions in an attempt to share how I experienced them in terms of our interactions for this study. Following these rich descriptions, I will present themes that are specific to each case. I will include quotes from the interviews so that the participating teachers’ voices can be heard. The actual studyRead MoreThe Importance Of Teachers For African American Students797 Words   |  4 Pageshave to come to the conclusion that it takes every stakeholder, parents, teachers, and administrators, to be involved for African American students to be successful. We can no longer point the blame at one party. Teachers can not blame parents and parents can not blame teachers, we all have to work together. There has to be an open line of communication between home and school. We have to all remember it is about the student, the child, and we have to do whatever is necessary to ensure they areRead MoreThe Importance Of A Student s Education And That May Benefit A Teacher1849 Words   |  8 PagesA factor that I feel is vital for a student’s education and that may benefit a teacher is the factor of assessments. Assessments is a method in which teachers use to evaluate, measure, and document the progress students have made. While assessments are usually equated with t raditional testing teachers may also use a diverse array of assessment methods to measure a students progress in any class. Assessments are usually created to measure specific elements of learning wither its cognitive, psychomotorRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Teacher And Helping Your Students Essay1785 Words   |  8 PagesWhen being a teacher, you will have many different students come and go in your classroom. As a teacher it is important to realize and understand no students will be the same or in other words all students will be different in their own way. That means you’ll have to treat them differently depending on what makes them different. Some students will develop at different rates, whether it be mentally or physically. Students sometimes learn better in different way than their peers. Being able to spotRead MoreThe Importance Of Teacher Student Relationships And The Nsw Quality Teaching Model945 Words   |  4 PagesLiberante, author of â€Å"The importance of teacher–student relationships, as explored through the lens of the NSW Quality Teaching Model† article, is a Bachelor of Primary Education (second year), at the University of Wollongong, Australia. When this article was published online in February of 2012, Liberante articulated the effective importance of student-teacher relationship, utilizing the Quality Teaching Model. In the article, Liberante explored the effectiveness of teacher-student relationship throughRead MoreThe Importance Of General Education Teachers And Students Being Tested839 Words   |  4 Pages The expanded range of students being tested, due to NCLB, has resulted in an increase of questions related to accommodations (Ketterlin-Geller, Alonzo, Braun-Monegan Tindal, 2007). If teachers say that the accommodations are not working, I would arrange for someone, probably the special education teacher, to collaborate with the teacher, visit the classroom and conference with Joseph. By visiting the classroom and conferencing with Joseph, they would get a better idea of the problem and whetherRead MoreThe Importance Of Teachers And Students Deserve School Environments That Are Safe, Supportive, And Encouraging1259 Words   |  6 Pages Teachers and students deserve school environments that are safe, supportive, and encouraging to teach and learn. Creating a supportive school climate and decreasing suspensions and expulsions requires close attention to the social, emotional, and behavioral needs of all students. St. Timothy School is a â€Å"multicultural Roman Catholic elementary school (K-8), inspired by Gospel values, as modeled by Jesus, serving the children of our parish and the neighboring communities† under the directive ofRead MoreStudents Are Not Entering The Classroom With The Knowledge And Understanding Of Multicultural Education762 Words   |  4 PagesProblem Statement Teachers are not entering the classroom with the knowledge and understanding of the importance of multicultural literature. The students are suffering due to the lack of diverse reading literature incorporated into units of reading study. There is a need for staff developments and in-services to help educate teachers on ways to provide multicultural literacy awareness in primary schools. Objectives †¢ To heightening the awareness of the importance of multicultural literatureRead MoreNorth Carolina Code Of Ethics1005 Words   |  5 Pagesguarantee a secure, honest, and professional environment for both students and teachers. As the Code of Ethics states, â€Å"The educator strives to maintain the respect and confidence of colleagues, students, parents and legal guardians, and the community, and to serve as an appropriate role model†. In the North Carolina Code of Ethics there are three categories an educator must commit to. The categories are as followed, Commitment to the Student, Commitment to the School and School System, and Commitment

Our Understanding Of Sickness And Disease - 1242 Words

As technology continues to evolve, our understanding of sickness and disease grows as well. Modern day technology is able to tell doctors what caused the disease and in ideal situations how to cure it. Recent scientists have begun to look at the desire to kill as a disease. This theory poses an interesting concept that if it is a disease, then maybe there is a cure that prevents serial killers from killing. In Christer Claus and Lars Lidberg’s article they look at the desire to kill as a disease. The article states that while using Schahriar Syndrome as a model, they are able to explain even the most vicious human behaviours, such as planned and repeated homicide (Claus/Lidberg 428). This disease is broken down into five main characteristics: omnipotence, sadistic fantasies, ritualized performance, dehumanization, and symbiotic merger. These five traits are not only common among people with the disease, but among serial killers as well (428). The article states that after a su ccessful killing, the killer is surprised. When the killer is able to get away with murder, a sense of amazement consumes them. Once the killer has repeatedly killed their victim and escaped the authorities, they begin to feel like they are omnipotent. As time goes on, over fifty percent of serial killers experience sadistic fantasies that make them want to keep committing the crimes. Each killer uses their success and sadistic fantasies to form a certain ritual. They begin to believe that if they areShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Mr. Rocky Mountain 916 Words   |  4 Pagesand now my friend and the extent of his sickness. This paper will prove that illness narrative provide adequate subjective assessment and telling story of their illness allows the narrator to disclose what is important to their lives, what matter to them most. To provide effective care to the patient, understanding the patient interpretation of illness must occur. Stories narrative by patient is an articulation of their knowledge. The act of understanding one’s narrative story becomes a biggestRead MoreHealth Studies, Early Briton and the Nhs1504 Words   |  7 Pages(World Health Organisation) defines health as, â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease infirmity† (1948). This definition stands to this present day, and is the most commonly referred to by health professionals and text books. Before the 1700’s popular belief of illness and disease would have been the presence of evil spirit or curse interned inside the patient. Trepanning was a method where a hole was drilled into the skull ofRead MoreUnilab Case Analysis1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vision Deliver the best value in health care. Our products are a vital part of every Filipino family’s full enjoyment of life. The Mission Work together to make healthcare products even better for a healthier Filipino family The Corporate Culture Unilab’s corporate symbol is the â€Å"Bayanihan†, the tradition of working together and sharing the fruits of common endeavor, is the reason for UNILAB’s colossal success. It is the heart and soul of our corporate culture. Bayanihan is UNILAB. In timesRead MoreRacial And Ethnic Groups Of Hispanic Adults1164 Words   |  5 Pagesyear. Other reports show that Latinos are more likely than members of other groups to delay healthcare for an illness or drop out of treatment when symptoms disappear. A language barrier also discourages some Latinos from asking for help, or from understanding the healthcare information available. And for the many Latinos working low-wage jobs or who are self-employed, they employment status disqualifies them from public health programs while still not providing enough income for them to afford qualityRead MoreShared Knowledge Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesexample, one, the Indigenous people pass down their history, medicine and cultu re generationally. This is transmitted orally through the community. In contrast, the second example is modern medicine, a scientific study diagnosing and treating disease with a drug to treat symptoms. It is shared learning by formal education. Indigenous knowledge is based on cycles, where scientific knowledge is based on linear modeling. Storytelling and verbal communication of traditions, present in IndigenousRead MoreThe Actions Of Heath Canada Essay931 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the morning sickness medication, Diclectin. In order to view the information Dr. Navindra had to sign a confidentiality agreement stating he would not share this information with anyone and also, that he would destroy documents once he read them. Dr. Navindra is attempting to get permission to publish his review of the trials so that other doctors can determine its effectiveness but has been unsuccessful. The drug is very popular with doctors in the treatment of morning sickness and Dr. NavindraRead MoreDiabetes Type 2 : The Maximum Common Form Of Diabetes1612 Words   |  7 Pages(emedicine(a,b), 2005). In type 2 diabetes the symptoms might mature progressively and can be restrained, but some people with diabetes type 2 remain undiagnosed for years. It develops frequently in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight. The diseas e, once uncommon in youth, is getting to be more normal in overweight and stout youngsters and youths. Researchers think that hereditary helplessness and ecological components are the doubtlessly triggers of type 2 diabetes (NDIC (a,b), 2005). ThisRead MoreAnalysis Of Illness As Metaphor By Susan Sonag721 Words   |  3 Pages illnesses and diseases such as AIDS and cancer have a high mortality rate. Everyone knows at least someone who had some sort of illness in their life. It’s an inescapable fact of life. Because of this, people have developed many ways to handle possessing an illness. Some simply treat it a logical and medical way, while others try to draw meaning from the situation and experience. One such person named Susan Sontag, takes a complex and sometimes backward approach to understanding and dealing withRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children1226 Words   |  5 Pageswhen â€Å"The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732,000 American ch ildren were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination† (Huffington). This is proof right in front of our eyes that vaccinations are working for some children. Something that saves 732,000 lives is a very important asset. Also, I think that it is critical to take into account the 322 million children that were saved from sickness. These 322 millionRead MoreRecent Top Five Causes of Death in Ameri and South Africa1591 Words   |  6 Pagesin America and in South Africa with regards to Heath psychology, and further go into detail about one of those top five causes to better understand the reasons for its prominence in the different contexts ranging from risk factors, health policy, disease progression and treatment advances or lack thereof. In order to do this, first a brief explanation into some key concepts in health psychology that may aid in this analysis will be looked at. Health psychology is the â€Å"promotion and treatment of illness

On

On-Line Dangers Essay On-line DangersIn this day and age of super high-speed networking and digital communications, just about anything on any subject can be found on the Internet. Some materials, such as online libraries are helpful, some, such as student’s personal homepages are fairly useless, and some sites, such as online medical references, can be lifesaving. All these sites have a right to be on the web. However, there are also sites that could be detrimental to people, such as pornography sites, pages detailing the manufacture of illegal drugs, and instructions on how to build high explosives and other illegal devices. With the number of these types increasing daily, parents and lawmakers alike are becoming concerned for the well being of the public, specifically the younger sector of the population. This raises the issue of how safe the Internet is. With the wealth of useful information available on the Internet also comes dangerous and harmful information regarding everything from stealin g cable to manufacturing high explosives, as well as child pornography and invasion of privacy. If the wrong information fell into the wrong hands, disaster could result. One of the issues most common in the papers today is pornography available on the Internet. There are two main types of pornography available on the Internet: regular and child pornography. Regular porn is rationalized by the following argument: The idea that a TV show or lyric can transform a healthy and connected child into a dangerous monster is absurd. The same goes for the Internet. The idea that certain material on the net can cause a child to grow up to be a child molester is primarily the invention of politicians, who use it to frighten and rally. Religious groups who use it to teach belief to the young, and journalists, who use it to regain their once powerful position in American society. The Internet should be treated with respect, and used with responsibility, just like any other form of media. This type of porno should be allowed on the net, but all sites should require a password of some kind. However, the other type of pornography, child porn, is much more dangerous as well as illegal. This type of pornography often involves people that are willing to spend great amounts of time, money, and energy to gradually seduce their targets, as well as people that immediately engage in sexually explicit conversations with children. Often time’s children are indirectly victimized through chat rooms and e-mail, or directly by being coerced into a real life meeting. This type of direct meeting can ultimately result in the child’s death. Also, children may come across pornographic material in any one of the alt.sex news groups. These news groups provide a public forum for the discussion of various topics. Several of the alt.sex news groups are alt.sex.incest, alt.sex.beastiality, and alt.sex.pedophilia. Although there are bills providing penalties for the knowing transmission of indecent material to minors through a remote computer or other means, child pornography is still a major problem and threat in cyberspace There are, however, some types o f sites that have content that could be hazardous to the public in general, not just children, and have no place on public forums. One example of this type of site is the â€Å"Books for a Free People†. This site contains various books for download, including the â€Å"Big Book of Mischief†, which has details on how to build explosives, and the â€Å"Book of Fun†, which gives detailed instructions on how to do illegal things such as stealing HBO and eavesdropping on cellular telephone conversations. While these two acts are not physically dangerous, they are still illegal. However, the â€Å"Big Book of Mischief† has explicit instructions on how to manufacture such dangerous compounds as nitroglycerin. .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b , .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .postImageUrl , .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b , .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b:hover , .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b:visited , .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b:active { border:0!important; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b:active , .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueef9b00eb56870045c73302c1b4b534b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bioethics EssayNITROGLYCERINENitroglycerin is one of the most sensitive explosives, if it is not the most sensitive. Although it is possible to make it safely, it is difficult. Many a young anarchist has been killed or seriously injured while trying to make the stuff. When Nobels factories make it, many people were killed by the all-to-frequent factory explosions. Usually, as soon as it is made, it is converted into a safer substance, such as dynamite. An idiot who attempts to make nitroglycerin would use the following procedure:MATERIAL EQUIPMENTDistilled water eye-dropperTable salt 100 ml beakerSodium bicarbonate 200-300 ml beakers (2)Concentrated nitric ice bath contain eracid (13 ml) ( a plastic bucket serves well )Concentrated sulfuric centigrade thermometeracid (39 ml)glycerin blue litmus paperFollowing this, the book gives step by step instructions on how to use the above materials in making nitroglycerin, and although it states that this is a very dangerous explosive to be making, many bored teenagers would just ignore the warnings, reasoning that they will just be extra careful. Information on many other types of explosives can also be found online. One example surfaced shortly after the Oklahoma City bombing. A message was transmitted on the Internet that offered information detailing the components and materials needed to construct a bomb identical to the one used in Oklahoma City, as well as complete details on how the bomb was used, and how it could be better. At the end of the message a disclaimer was added that stated that the information was only to be used for educational purposes, theoretically relieving the author of the message of any legal responsibility. Another large concern is the issue of privacy. One assumes that when they send an e-mail message, the only other person that will read the message is the intended recipient. This is a common myth held by the average person, as e-mail messages are quite easy to intercept and scan for key words, and can be done on a large scale. Although the Electronic Communications Act of 1986 provides stiff penalties for anyone whom intentionally intercepts or attempts to intercept an electronic message (e-mail). However, this still does not stop illegal monitoring of messages by individuals, as it is widely believed that system operators often read messages and files without authorization. This act also allows Internet providers the right to intercept, disclose, or use electronic communications while engaged in an activity necessary to service or protection of rights and property. This shows that even the ECA does not entirely protect your privacy. Another threat to priva cy is found in the agencies thought to be secure. In 1998, Internal Revenue Service papers were released showing that it’s employees had been using IRS computers to illegally prowl through the tax files of family, friends, neighbors, and celebrities since 1989. Another example can be seen at the DMV where police employees have been known to illegally trace license plates for personal use. A final danger on the net is the threat of online scams. With about 15 million people that are now able to participate in online forums, discussion groups, and conferences with other strangers that share a particular interest, it is quite easy for the clever scam artist to choose a potential victim. Fraudulent sellers use these various on-line services to promote bogus stock offerings, credit repair services, and other far fetched ideas or offers. More chances for Internet scam artists to claim victims can be found in the on-line classified advertising. No matter where you read these, you are likely to find some that are false, such as ads promoting â€Å"miracle† weight loss products and programs. A good way to avoid being ripped off by these scams is to use your common sense: if it looks too good to be true, it probably is. .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 , .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .postImageUrl , .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 , .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1:hover , .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1:visited , .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1:active { border:0!important; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1:active , .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1 .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10162fd209e9af684221305119a969f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: President John F. Kennedy EssayIn the digital age, we are offered a wide variety of conveniences and services through the Internet. Even though most of these can be useful, there are many evils out there in the digital world. Although there is probably no way we can ever make the Internet one hundred percent safe, we can use our good judgement to keep ourselves out of harms way. This includes knowing the tip-offs for online scams, never giving your credit card numbers out to sources that you don’t trust, and most importantly, monitoring your child when he or she is on the computer. It is up to the Internet user to keep themselves safe from the dangers that lurk on-l ine. Computers and Internet

Racism Today Essays - Racism, Discrimination, Hatred,

Racism Today There is an underlying problem that is promoting racism. It is the fact that a lot of people believe, and try to make themselves believe, that racism no longer exists. Many people today live their lives oblivious to what is happening in the world around them, often trying to convince themselves that racism is not a problem in their world. Others know all about the problem, but don't really realize that they themselves could possibly be adding to the problem by discriminating against someone else's human rights, and at the same time going around saying how open-minded they are. One of the main problems of racism is that many people live in racist conditions, without even seeing it. Oftentimes its in their school, workplace, community, or even in their own homes. People often tell jokes with racist slurs, and while we know not to laugh at ones about blacks, it seems that ones about other races like Chinese and Hispanic are okay. We tell ourselves that they are just jokes, but not to those who they are ridiculing. We are all perpetrators of this and we usually feel that these types of jokes are harmless. They can be harmless and maybe at times we even think they are funny, but they are also hurtful and degrading. Some of the biggest racists are those who don't even know that they are, and even say that they aren't. These people are racist because they cannot comprehend what is happening and do not realize what they are saying is racist. Until they come to grips with this problem, in their minds there is no problem. They say that they are not racist, even when they don't hire the East Indian employee who was the most qualified of the candidates, even when the athletic team they coach consists of all white athletes. Often times these people feel that just because a person is a certain color or race, that they must be a thief or a criminal. This is very typical in today's society and no one deserves to be prejudged like that. The prejudice of people in the world is disgusting. The worst part of it all is that they don't even know that they are doing it, often thinking that it is just normal behavior. There are people that don't realize that they are racist and then there are those people who are ignorant and unaware of racism in the world. They walk down the streets, through the stores and working at their job, completely oblivious. We don't see what is happening around us because we don't want to see it. If you take someone and put them in the heart of a racist area, would they notice the problems then or would they still deny or overlook the fact of racism? Those people who do not see that racism is a problem are almost as bad as the racists themselves. This is not to be taken in the wrong way; some people who ignore racism are those people who are trying to push racism out of their own lives and out of the world. However, as long as we have people who are unaware of the problem, it will continue to thrive.

Prominence of Computer Security and Forensics The WritePass Journal

Prominence of Computer Security and Forensics INTRODUCTION Prominence of Computer Security and Forensics INTRODUCTIONResearch Enterprises of ForensicsJob availability segments for forensic studentsImportance of securityAnonymous toolsTypes of forensicsServices of forensicsAvailable Job Opportunities by studying computer security and forensicsThe techniques gained by studying computer security and forensic courseMobile ForensicsAnalysis of call data recordsDescription of Audio and VideoAudio AnalysisVideo AnalysisData RecoveryConclusionReference:Related INTRODUCTION Forensics and related courses are fast flattering current career of the students. It has a global reputation for excellent in the development of the techniques of forensics. The forensics is the investigation process which is related to the police services. Many students are focused in forensics some of the area are the following Criminology Toxicology Questioned Documents Odontology Pathology /   Medical Examiner Physical/ Forensic Anthropology Forensic psychiatry/psychology Many opportunities are waiting for the students who are pursuing forensics science and other related courses. The main criteria in the forensic science are Chemistry -analysis of paint, chemicals counting fire investigation and reconstruction of accidents. Biology  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is associated to crimes in contradiction of people murder, assault and rape cases. Drugs and toxicology. Research Enterprises of Forensics Consulting with people on the front appearances and document their problems. Eavesdrop to law enforcement and relate our own knowledge of computer forensics according to those problems. Learn current investigating techniques and suggest alternatives, measuring the alternatives in real world and reporting the results. Pay attention to the sufferers and give them a good solution to analyse what happened to them and report it appropriately. Job availability segments for forensic students Law enforcement Financial Consulting   and Academic. Forensics courses develop the unique skills which means a person cannot handle the networks without any knowledge of it and for example a computer engineer cannot survive in the forensic field just because he can knows only about the system management. So the above are the sectors for the computer forensic students. Importance of security Security is the most important thing in everyone’s day to day life. A mail can be hacked by fetching the original information and it is replaced by a fake data to cheat people with the help of some software’s. A fake websites are there by collecting the personal bank information of an individual person, it happens like a   person is asked to buy some stuffs by sending them a portal of the bank information to be filled and after sometime that pages are fetched and hacked by some frauds . These are all the techniques used to hack the personal information and trouble them so computer security is there to give some surety to the companies by protecting the secrets of each and every person’s information. Anonymous tools It could be used to create an unidentified data form the original data. Forensic researchers will be having packet dumps, email messages, document files, disk images, etc.., Types of forensics Disk forensics Network forensics RAM forensics Phone forensics Document forensics and Software forensics Services of forensics Examining the evidence of hacking Analysing of electronic mail, chatting capability and deleted files for worker annoyance. Checking the computer system for the evidence of IP address theft Examining the erased internet action and server log files for evidence of unauthorised activity of a person. Investigation into the denial of data systems and computer strategy Extracting the evidence for non-computer concerned with investigations. Producing reports to the industrial courts. Observing the common employees misusing the computer Developing the software’s to solve some specific problems. Available Job Opportunities by studying computer security and forensics In detecting and investigating the cyber related crimes In using tools of forensics Handling the cyber-crimes with intelligence of tackling them Finding the loss of account and recovering them The techniques gained by studying computer security and forensic course Trouble shooting the operational issues: Finding the incorrect physical location of the network and resolving the problem in the correct way in the host. Log monitoring: Analysing log entries and correlating log entries from multiple systems. Recovering data from the system: Fetching the lost data that has been hacked by anyone or modified with help of tools etc Mobile Forensics Mobile devices are terribly increasing in the recent trend. Many communication protocols like Bluetooth, WiFi and 3g allow the free data transfer across international restrictions. Users are allowed to transfer the data, browsing and send and receive e-mail with attaching files. Analysis of call data records The records of the call data has been showed below Date of call Time of call Call duration Number making the call (originating) Number receiving the call (terminating) IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity CI Cell site identity number Description of Audio and Video Audio Analysis Audio can be recorded in high diverse range including mobile phones, dicta phones, covert recording devices, cameras and mobile phones CY4OR is a full enhanced and transcription service in the forensic audio and video suite. Video Analysis The propagation CCTV equipment on virtually every street corner, outside business buildings and even for domestic properties is increased for some evidence are available for inspection. This type of evidence is seriously trusted upon in court but often needs improving to ensure that is obviously presented. CY4OR’s practiced video team uses formal of the art equipment to enable the augmentation, de-multiplexing  and restoration of material. Data Recovery Data recovery is the process of recovering data from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible secondary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally.  Data can be retrieved from storage media such as hard disk drives, storage tapes, RAID, CDs, DVDs, and other electronics. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage device or logical damage to the file system that prevents it from being mounted by the host operating system. Conclusion The skills that are gained from computers security and forensic course include the broad knowledge of forensic principles, procedures, tools and techniques to handle the problems. So it develops the skills required by the employers and fulfills them.   Apparently there is more possibility of new techniques as well as advancements yet to develop in the area of forensics because â€Å"computer security and forensics is only a journey but not a destination† student who currently learns will say many things new to this world by studying this course. Hence this paper briefly explains about the required skills by the employers to work in the forensic field and also in pertinent sector by attaining this course. Reference: cy4or.co.uk/forensic-services/mobile-device-forensics www.intaforensics.com www.krollontrack.co.uk

AIDS Descrimnation is Bad essays

AIDS Descrimnation is Bad essays Discrimination is a concern for people worldwide because they have had personal experience throughout their daily routines. When it comes to people with aids, many people around the world have thought about the subject many times, and have developed their state of mind towards them. Also, people have learned to live with while others ignore the problem. One problem that may not concern many is discrimination to people with aids in school. The question here is; does aids influence schools to admit pupils? Does aid influence in teachers grading methods? A survey done by Mauricio Murguia to six college students gave us a quite description of how more or less people think and feel about students with aids: Miriam Maciel from El Paso Community College answered, I dont think it is right for people to judge people with deceases because what happens to one, may happen to another. I act normal when I am aware that a person that surround me has aids and I also treat that person equally. Another three students from UTEP answered the same. Rafael Brunet a student from Kettering University in Michigan answered that he does everything in his power to avoid people with aids and that he feels uncomfortable around these people and mostly if they are homosexuals. Luis Davalos from the TEC De Monterrey in Mexico answered that he hates people with aids because the have the decease because of irresponsibility. Also Luis Davalos told us that he couldnt see a homosexual because he is filled with anger. It is hard to make others think a way in which we think is correct and this is because we all have different points of view. I myself had an experience, which I think I will never forget. I was dating a girl about 15 months ago, and it was a normal relationship but after some time of seeing this girl I started to point out certain changes in her behavior. I thought it was because of me or because she was not happy with ...

Country Effect to Companies Success.Thailand Assignment

Country Effect to Companies Success.Thailand - Assignment Example It is only through sustained growth and development of the company in the new market that incomes and subsequently profits will be yielded on the investments. But questions have been asked as to why some companies succeed easily in new markets and why other struggle till collapse. Indeed, no single answer can be given to explain why this phenomenon is so. However, one fact that is inclusive in the many available options of answers the regard for the country effect (Lee-Ross and Mitchell, 2007). By country effect, reference is being made to the need to pay critical attention to rhythmic cultural and socio-economic behavioral pattern of the people within the country in which the company is situated (Garcia-Cabrera and Garcia-Sota, 2008). Studies have showed that the mistake that most modern companies make with the country effect and thus the regard for the cultural influence of the local people is that, they tend to take pride in globalization and thus think global and act global. In t his paper, an example is presented of how an entrepreneur in Thailand effectively made use of the country effect to his advantage, using the article of Brettel, Engelen and Heinemann (2008) as a case study. Consumer Perception and Ethics A regard for consumer perception and ethics is an important factor that determines success for entrepreneurs in Thailand. This is because according to Brettel, Engelen and Heinemann (2008), the perceptive and ethical values of the people of Thailand is carried directly into their consumer decision making as to which companies to do business with and which companies to withdraw from. Generally, these consumers would want companies to show high sense of integrity, ethical consideration and respect for social responsibility. Entrepreneurs who have become successful in Thailand have therefore been those who make as part of their organizational culture and climate, the respect for integrity, ethics and community development. Specific example is used with DHL Thailand in a separate study where the company made as part of its new market entry strategy, the need to throw themselves up to the people as the most trusted company. With the use of high moral standards through respect for privacy, timely delivery of parcels, concise charging of fees, and improved corporate social responsibility, the company became one of the fastest growing companies in Thailand (Baughn et al, 2006). In effect, it is always important to know the values that consumers cherish through consumer perception and ethics and rightly make these values showed in the company’s virtues. Consumer behavior and preferences Another study conducted has showed that the country effect and the exhibition of culture can be translated into the consumer behavior and preferences of the local people (Nguyen et al, 2009). That is t say that the kind and nature of goods and services that consumers will patronize depends largely on their country culture. Disregarding the countr y effect would therefore mean that companies and for that matter, entrepreneurs will offer goods and services that do not meet the preferences of consumers. As far as consumer behavior and preference is concerned, Brettel, Engelen and Heinemann (2008) explained that two key dimensions of country effect that comes to play in Thailand are collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. With collectivism, Thailand is ranked high, meaning there is high dependence on group in the society. In effect, the consumer behavior of individuals is influenced by what the masses accept to be true, real or authentic. With this in mind, entrepreneurs who h

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Book Review - Essay Example Family theme is portrayed through the care shown to August by his parents and other children. For instance, August was homeschooled by his parents to avoid abuse by other people. The friendship theme is illustrated when August engages with other people reveal his abilities and smartness. He says, â€Å"It’s not enough to be friendly. You have to be a friend (Palacio, 22).† It is apparent that the protagonist did not fear what others say or think about him, exposing his bravery and courageous nature. For instance, the authors states, â€Å"Courage. Kindness. Friendship. Character. These are the qualities that define us as human beings, and propel us, on occasion, to greatness (Palacio, 58).† Palacio is a professional book cover designer known for creating exceptional designs for numerous publishers and authors. She qualifies as being the author having had experience in the industry spanning over 20 years dealing with different authors. The book is clearly organized in 8 parts showing Pullman’s first-person account with the influences of family members and classmates. This expands the story beyond the protagonist’s viewpoint, indicating that his admission at the school does not only affect him, but also the immediate community. The author also develops the themes in a logical manner to enable the audience understand the struggles that people endure in their daily

Arguments for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide Essay Arguments for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide There are arguments both for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide. Some of the main arguments are outlined below. You should be aware that these arguments do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of NHS Choices or the Department of Health. Arguments for euthanasia and assisted suicide There are two main types of argument used to support the practices of euthanasia and assisted suicide. They are the: ethical argument – that people should have freedom of choice, including the right to control their own body and life (as long as they do not abuse any other person’s rights), and that the state should not create laws that prevent people being able to choose when and how they die pragmatic argument – that euthanasia, particularly passive euthanasia, is already a widespread practice (allegedly), just not one that people are willing to admit to, so it is better to regulate euthanasia properly The pragmatic argument is discussed in more detail below. Pragmatic argument The pragmatic argument states that many of the practices used in end of life care are a type of euthanasia in all but name. For example, there is the practice of making a ‘do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) order, where a person requests not to receive treatment if their heart stops beating or they stop breathing. Critics have argued that DNACPR is a type of passive euthanasia because a person is denied treatment that could potentially save their life. Another controversial practice is known as palliative sedation. This is where a person who is experiencing extreme suffering, for which there is no effective treatment, is put to sleep using sedative medication. For example, palliative sedation is often used to treat burns victims who are expected to die. While palliative sedation is not directly carried out for the purpose of ending lives, many of the sedatives used carry a risk of shortening a person’s lifespan. Therefore, it could be argued that palliative sedation is a type of active euthanasia. The pragmatic argument is that if euthanasia in these forms is being carried out anyway, society might as well legalise it and ensure that it is properly regulated. It should be stressed that the above interpretations of DNACPR  and palliative sedation are very controversial and are not accepted by most doctors, nurses and palliative care specialists. Read more about the alternatives to euthanasia for responses to these interpretations. Arguments against euthanasia and assisted suicide There are four main types of argument used by people who are against euthanasia and assisted suicide. They are known as the: religious argument – that these practices can never be justified for religious reasons, for example many people believe that only God has the right to end a human life ‘slippery slope’ argument – this is based on the concern that legalising euthanasia could lead to significant unintended changes in our healthcare system and society at large that we would later come to regret medical ethics argument – that asking doctors, nurses or any other healthcare professional to carry out euthanasia or assist in a suicide would be a violation of fundamental medical ethics alternative argument – that there is no reason for a person to suffer either mentally or physically because effective end of life treatments are available; therefore, euthanasia is not a valid treatment option but represents a failure on the part of the doctor involved in a person’s care These arguments are described in more detail below. Religious argument The most common religious argument is that human beings are the sacred creation of God, so human life is by extension sacred. Only God should choose when a human life ends, so committing an act of euthanasia or assisting in suicide is acting against the will of God and is sinful. This belief, or variations on it, is shared by members of the Christian, Jewish and Islamic faiths. The issue is more complex in Hinduism and Buddhism. Scholars from both faiths have argued that euthanasia and assisted suicides are ethically acceptable acts in some circumstances, but these views do not have universal support among Hindus and Buddhists. ‘Slippery slope’ argument The slippery slope argument is based on the idea that once a healthcare service, and by extension the government, starts killing its own citizens, a  line is crossed that should never have been crossed and a dangerous precedent has been set. The concern is that a society that allows voluntary euthanasia will gradually change its attitudes to include non-voluntary and then involuntary euthanasia. Also, legalised voluntary euthanasia could eventually lead to a wide range of unforeseen consequences, such as those described below. Very ill people who need constant care or people with severe disabilities may feel pressured to request euthanasia so that they are not a burden to their family. Legalising euthanasia may discourage research into palliative treatments, and possibly prevent cures for people with terminal illnesses being found. Occasionally, doctors may be mistaken about a person’s diagnosis and outlook, and the person may choose euthanasia due to being wrongly told that they have a terminal condition. Medical ethics argument The medical ethics argument, which is similar to the ‘slippery slope’ argument, states that legalising euthanasia would violate one of the most important medical ethics, which, in the words of the International Code of Medical Ethics, is: ‘A doctor must always bear in mind the obligation of preserving human life from conception’. Asking doctors to abandon their obligation to preserve human life could damage the doctor–patient relationship. Causing death on a regular basis could become a routine administrative task for doctors, leading to a lack of compassion when dealing with elderly, disabled or terminally ill people. In turn, people with complex health needs or severe disabilities could become distrustful of their doctor’s efforts and intentions. They may think that their doctor would rather ‘kill them off’ than take responsibility for a complex and demanding case. Alternative argument The alternative argument is that advances in palliative care and mental health treatment mean there is no reason why any person should ever feel that they are suffering intolerably, whether it is physical or mental suffering or both. According to this argument, if a person is given the right care, in the right environment, there should be no reason why they are unable to have a dignified and painless natural death. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=,o=0;o e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return studymoose.com},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf(http)==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Wuthering Heights Essay -- Literary Analysis, Emily Bronte

Born in 1818, Emily Bronte, known as the Laureate of the Moors, feared that people would not read her novel because of her gender. When Bronte turned twenty-seven, she published Wuthering Heights. At approximately the same time, her two sisters, Charlotte and Anne, published their literary works. Looking at Emily Bronte’s Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, this literary work seems to be yet another book about a grumpy man who tries to take revenge on everyone who hurts him throughout his life. Looking deeper into this novel, readers see that the story revolves around several complex characters who must endure indescribable pain and suffering in their quest for love. The Earnshaw family decides to make Heathcliff who is the primary character in Wuthering Heights, a family member, Mr. Eanshaw’s son, Hindley, starts to beat, to hurt, and to mistreat Heathcliff. However, as Heathcliff begins to spend time with Hindley’s sister, Catherine, their relationship grows, H eathcliff and Catherine develop feelings for each other, and in turn, fall in love. When Catherine decides to marry Edgar Linton, this new turn-of-events devastates Heathcliff. Even though Edgar is a member of a higher social class than Heathcliff, Catherine secretly remains in love with her beloved Heathcliff. To illustrate her love for Edgar and her true passion for Heathcliff, she states, â€Å"I’ve no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn’t have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him: and that, not because he’s handsome, Nelly, but because he’s more myself than I am† (63). The manner in which Catherine, Edgar, and... ...k to him. Cathy does not like him. Once Heathcliff dies she is free to marry whoever she want s and live her own life. She no longer has to be trapped anymore. Bell states that, â€Å"Young Catherine and Hareton, who are led to beleive, eventually come to love with patience and understanding, but only after Heathcliff’s influence is removed†(Bell). No one is trapped anymore. Heathcliff experiences much pain and suffering in his search for true love. Heathcliff endures derision and personal injury from Hindley, insults from Edgar, and profound rejection from his dear Catherine. All of these events contribute to the subsequent anguish that many of the second-generation characters, Cathy, Hareton, and Linton, share throughout the latter part of the novel. After Heathcliff’s demise, Cathy and Hareton are now free from the terror and the tragedy that haunt the moors.

American Modernism

Has modernism any relevance to the South of the world? Black people have always united together in order to create and maintain positive definitions of Blacks. The most important and common form of this racial union has been Afro-American folk culture: the musical, oral, and visual artistic expressions of Black identity that have been handed down from generation to generation. The Harlem Renaissance, whose spirit Hurston's work reflects, was a manifestation of this bonding, although it had many false revolutionaries and failed in some respects to realize its radical potential.The modernist black writers who arose in the first three decades of the twentieth century introduced a new stereotype into American literature. Zora Neale Hurston wrote as a Black woman about her own experiences and therefore, in some way, spoke to the general Black female experience in America. Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) offers an excellent source for demonstrating the modern Black fema le literary tradition. A large and chief part of Hurston's career took place during the Harlem Renaissance, which began in the twenties while she was attending Howard.Hurston's best work, especially her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, is the product of a Black female folk aesthetic and cultural sensibility that emerged from the best revolutionary ideals of the period. It also anticipates the comparable renaissance in black women’s literature. Despite, or perhaps because of, these achievements, Hurston, like many Black women writers, has suffered â€Å"intellectual lynching† at the hands of white and Black men and white women (Brigham 23).Their Eyes Were Watching God appeared at the tail end of what is termed in American literature as the American Modernism. Roughly between 1917 – the end of World War I – and the 1930 stock market crash that marked the beginning of the Great Depression, throngs of southern African Americans migrated north -a migration that technically began as early as 1910 – primarily to the northeast for economic and social reasons, escaping more overt and often violent manifestations of tensed black-white race relations.A time when â€Å"the Negro was in vogue,† this was a time of cultural celebration of blackness – black visual arts, black music, black intellectual thought, black performing arts, and black identity (Hemenway 34). Leading voices of the Harlem Renaissance challenged black authors and artists to define African American life beyond the prescribed boundaries of stereotype and caricature, sentimentality, and social assimilation. Arguably a movement among intellectuals, the Harlem Renaissance proved spiritually and aesthetically liberating for African Americans and established global connections with an African past.Hurston's accent on rural common folk of the south both challenged and continued some of the essential tenants of the Harlem Renaissance: national and global communi ty, self-determination, and race pride. The most concentrated place of this cultural explosion was Harlem (New York). Published in 1937, Hurston most famous novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, was not immediately famous. In fact, the novel was largely mistreated and greatly criticized by her black male contemporaries, because it allegedly presents blacks in stereotypical ways that white readers enjoyed and encouraged of black writers.This criticism was particularly harsh from those who thought that Hurston should be writing more overtly protest pieces about whites as blacks' enemies. While Hurston does not center around white people in the novel, their Jim Crow presence is apparent from the opening through the closing pages. The novel was not printed some thirty years after its initial publication. In 1971, it was reprinted but again was not printed by 1975. In 1977, Hurston's novel was on the top of reading lists among American colleges and universities and continues that even tod ay (Kenner 234).Their Eyes Were Watching God is the story of Janie, a black woman of mulatto ancestry, in search of spiritual liberation from patriarchal control. The format of the book is Janie's telling of her own story in her own voice as she remembers the details of her own life. As the narrator, Janie has an authority that even the readers cannot challenge when they want details, particularly technical details, that Janie does not remember or choose to share.While Janie's story is on many levels gender and racially related -readers never forget that Janie's grandmother was a slave or that the characters are living during Jim Crow segregation in the period of the 1930s and 1940s – much of Janie's social relations within the community of black people is gender specific. Her plot is mainly based on others' opinions of how a woman should live, what a woman and especially a woman her age should and should not be doing. Moreover, Janie in the narration is one of a person who i s able to self-define and to transcend restricted boundaries ultimately through communal storytelling rituals (Lemke 90).One of the new ways in which Hurston demonstrated alternative ways of writing is that she often collapsed the boundaries between fact and fiction. The cultural and contextual situatedness of Their Eyes Were Watching God reflect a Black woman's interpretation of social reality in the sense in which the ‘real world' is constituted, in terms of personal and cultural experience, is likely to be at variance with the interpretation of these notions by Euro-American males.Central to appreciating Zora Neale Hurston's genius, versatility, and identity politics is knowing the ways in which she frequently stepped over disciplinary boundaries in her practice of anthropology, intermixing social science with the humanities so many years in advance of what we now call postmodernist practices within anthropology. Hurston's lifelong concern with the self and its limitations (those imposed from without and from within) is, of course, the natural, perhaps even the proper subject of an autobiography. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, the narrator observes that â€Å"Pheoby [is] eager to feel and do through Janie †¦ and Janie [is] full of that oldest human longing -self-revelation† (18). Pondrom claims that the â€Å"adoption of myth as a principle of meaning and order is Hurston's most important link to modernism† (1986:201). For Pondrom, Hurston's utilization of myth links her to the modernist writers approaches of Eliot, Yeats, Joyce, Pound, and Crane. Pondrom writes that Hurston's â€Å"'mythic method' links her even more powerfully to the great female modernists, who found myth a means to affirmation of the self rather than simply a stay against disorder.†For Pondrom, Hurston takes a place among H. D. , Stein, and Wolff â€Å"in a current now [mid-1980s] being recognized as fundamental to the modernist movement† (202). Pondrom discusses overlaps between Their Eyes and Babylonian, Greek, and Egyptian mythologies. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, she writes how everyone is drawn â€Å"on stage† in the cross-gender verbal jousting: â€Å"The girls and everybody else help laugh. They know it's not courtship. It's acting-out courtship and everybody is in the play.The three girls hold the center of the stage till Daisy Blunt came walking down the street in the moonlight. † Showing the proximity of immersion and recuperation images in Hurston's diasporic underground, the African rhythm infuses the dramatic scene: â€Å"Daisy is walking a drum tune. You can almost hear it by looking at the way she walks† (1995:229). Janie's experiences in Their Eyes Were Watching God take place in relation to Hurston's deepening appreciation of the ordering potential of black culture and its West African underpinnings.Her juxtaposition of sunrise/set images and the chaotic and cosmopolitan experiences of modernity recalls accounts of Yoruba mythology cited early in the twentieth century from divination priests in Badan, Nigeria. In â€Å"The Religion of the Yoruba† Leo Frobenius records a myth invoking this structure: Long, long ago, when everything was in confusion and young and old died, Olodu-mare (God) summoned Edshu-ogbe and said: â€Å"Create order in the region of the sunrise. † To Oyako-Medyi: â€Å"Create order in the region of the sunset. † Next morning Edshu-ogbe created order in the east and in the evening Oyako-Medyi created order in the west.(1973:188–89) From the external correlatives of several scenes to her explicit invocation of Esu/Elegba, in Their Eyes Were Watching God Hurston's points of reference for Janie's emerging consciousness are markedly West African. In ways that echo the narratives recorded by Frobenius, Hurston uses sunrise and sunset descriptions as a changeable and timeless witness to chaotic developments in the plot of the novel. After Janie's initial march through Eatonville creates a swirl of envy, Phoeby enters through â€Å"the intimate gate with her heaping plate of mulatto rice† (1995:176).As Janie reflects on her experience and prepares to tell her tale, Hurston's sunset provides the backdrop: the â€Å"varicolored cloud dust that the sun had stirred up in the sky was settling by slow degrees† (178). When Janie tells Phoeby about living under Nanny's and Logan Killicks's control, Hurston uses the deepening night to underscore the danger in the tale and the telling: â€Å"the kissing darkness became a monstropolous old thing† and Janie â€Å"saw her life like a great tree with†¦Dawn and doom in the branches† (181– 82).On the morning of the conflict with Logan Killicks, the â€Å"sun from ambush was threatening the world with red daggers† (199). In the scene in which Janie awakes after having spent the night alone, wondering, while Tea Cake sp ent her money on a party, the sunrise is paranoid, â€Å"sending up spies ahead of him to mark out the road through the dark† (272). Hurston images the false calm before the final storm â€Å"even before the sun gave light dead day was creeping from bush to bush watching man† (301).The first moments of Janie's excavation are imaged as she connects the mysteries of her emerging consciousness to the eternal rhythms of movement and variability: â€Å"mostly she lived between her hat and her heels, with her emotional disturbances like shade patterns in the woods—come and gone with the sun† (236). Hurston's new technique in Their Eyes combined the excavation of consciousness with an improvised relationship to a living tradition that she encountered during her research in New Orleans and Haiti. Central to her mythic method is Hurston's brilliant use of Esu/Elegba in relation to the patterns of Janie's descent and emergence.Hurston's novel Their Eyes offers an e xcellent source for demonstrating the value of an interdisciplinary approach to Black women's culture in general and American Modernismin particular (Awkward 23). Hurston locates her fiction strongly in Black women's traditional culture as developed and displayed through music and song. In presenting Janie's story as a narrative related by herself to her best Black woman friend, Pheoby, Hurston is able to draw upon the rich oral legacy of Black female storytelling and mythmaking that has its roots in Afro-American culture.The reader who is aware of this tradition will understand the story as an overheard conversation as well as a literary text. The struggle between communal relationships and modern institutions is the core of Hurston's blues critique in Their Eyes. Janie appreciates Starks's store as a social center (Baker 98). But she is chronically inept at the tasks that relate to the business. Is Hurston implying that Janie is stupid? Unlikely. Instead, for Janie, selling things in the store distracts her from the essential rhythms of nature and the homegrown power of stories that take place on the porch.In Hurston's narration, the natural beauty of the South and the communal cool squeeze the business of the store from both sides: Every morning the world flung itself over and exposed the town to the sun. So Janie had another day. And every day had a store in it, except Sundays. The store itself was a pleasant place if only she didn't have to sell things. When people sat around on the porch and passed around the pictures of their thoughts for the others to look at and see, it was nice. (Hurston 1995:215)As the sense of social decay and the power of modern economics increases their hold on people's lives and as Janie moves outside of her middle-class economic position in Eatonville, Hurston's blues images become collective, intensify, and grapple openly with the forces of fragmentation. As a new season opens on the muck, Hurston images the economically and e xistentially threadbare workforce and the hard times: Permanent transients with no attachments and tired looking men with their families and dogs in flivvers. All night, all day, hurrying in to pick beans.Skillets, beds, patched up spare inner tubes all hanging and dangling from the ancient cars on the outside and hopeful humanity, herded and hovered on the inside, chugging on to the muck. People ugly from ignorance and broken from being poor. (282) But heeding Pound's warning to devise an adequate technique or â€Å"bear false witness, † Hurston depicts the economic ‘dehumanization’ in relation to the humanizing forces of living cultural traditions: â€Å"Blues made and used right on the spot. † On â€Å"the muck† the blues voices pierce through the â€Å"mud which is deaf and dumb† as â€Å"the jooks clanged and clamored.Pianos living three lives in one. Blues made and used right on the spot. Dancing, fighting, singing, crying, laughing, w inning, and losing every hour. † Instead of the urban realist's trope of ever-warm boardinghouse beds used three shifts per day, in Hurston's vision the keys never get cold, â€Å"pianos†¦live three lives in one. †Refusing to resolve the struggle between the â€Å"deaf mud† and â€Å"live muck, † she concludes the passage with an asymmetrical image of â€Å"rich black earth clinging to bodies and biting the skin like ants† (282).Ambiguous and improvised, impulses swirl through Hurston's modernist schema of the mud and the muck. She leaves no fixed path, no pro-forma method for descent. â€Å"Permanent transients† ride the crest of the wave where Wright's â€Å"walleyed yokels† are long since washed over and submerged by his ideological approach to the blues horrors in his memory. Instead, Hurston's excavation of â€Å"the muck† explores uncharted personal and communal territory. Janie's improvised diasporic modernist quest advances with the mantra that â€Å"new words would have to be made and said† (200, 268).At the end of Their Eyes Were Watching God Hurston describes Janie in a space of continuing diasporic modernist process. In connection to various relationships, Janie explored the patterns of inner and interpersonal experience and met many of Esu/Elegba's challenges at the communal and personal gates (Pavlic 234). She excavated new depths in her consciousness and from these depths she examined her relationship to social space with deepened insight. In death, Tea Cake becomes an ancestor and joins the patterns of Janie's consciousness.Alone in her house again, Janie opens the window to allow Tea Cake's presence to come to mind. Hurston emphasizes the modernist dimensions of ancestry. They inform the combination of communal and solitary processes and present guidance which, at best, can mitigate against the pitfalls of Afro-modernist seclusion. Hurston describes Tea Cake's ancestral presenc e now combined with her own energy (the wind) and with Janie's asymmetrical space of communal loneliness: â€Å"The wind through the open windows had broomed all the fetid feeling of absence and nothingness.She closed in and sat down. Combing road-dust out of her hair. Thinking† (1995:333). As an ancestor, Tea Cake will continue to â€Å"live† in the images of Janie's mind but, possibly in tribute to Tea Cake's performative skill, Janie's telling of the story to Phoeby demonstrates she is not isolated in Afro-modernist seclusion. Unlike Hurston's other characters, Janie is capable of articulating the depths of her experience in interpersonal terms. Hurston emphasizes how the combination of sense impression and thought prevent abstraction of the ancestors: â€Å"Of course he wasn't dead.He could never be dead until she herself had finished feeling and thinking† (333). The close of the novel seems romantic and resolved; however, Tea Cake' continued ancestral prese nce will disrupt the resolution. Esu/Elegba's role doesn't cease in death. Janie will have to pursue the patterns and enable Tea Cake to overcome the â€Å"dogged† stasis that caused his demise. Janie will have to feel the wind and share the thunder. The descendant becomes part of the redemption of the ancestor, because Esu/Elegba will return (Pavlic 243).In Their Eyes, Zora Neale Hurston, is using modernism to bring her intellectual characters out of their isolation and into contact with the needs, concerns, and traditions of black people generally. Zora Neale Hurston’s fiction, especially her novels, leads us to examine ourselves in relation to the world around us. Without exaggeration, her novels enlarge both our minds and our hearts. Hurston, however, would not make such a claim; instead, she would keep moving towards some goal to be reached, some project to be started.Her anxious restlessness about herself and her work makes her a very contemporary writer, a moder nist who tried to enlarge the very notion of what it is to be American. She wrote about traditional subjects—love and loss, displacement and home, failure and triumph—at the same time she attempted to redefine our notion of American culture. Their Eyes Were Watching God offers us the same vital contrasts and the same struggle to reconcile the harp and the sword.Works CitedAwkward, Michael, ed. New Essays on â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God. † New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Baker, Houston. Blues Ideology and Afro-American Literature: A Vernacular Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.Brigham, Cathy. â€Å"The Talking Frame of Zora Neale Hurston's Talking Book: Storytelling as Dialectic in Their Eyes Were Watching God. † College Literature Association 37, no. 4, 1994.Frobenius, Leo. â€Å"The Religion of the Yoruba. † In Leo Frobenius: An Anthology, ed. E. Naberland, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1973.Hemenway, Robert E. Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977.Hurston, Zora Neale. Novels and Stories. New York: Library of America, 1995.Kenner, Hugh. A Homemade World: The American Modernist Writers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.Lemke, Sieglinde. Primitivist Modernism: Black Culture and the Origins of Transatlantic Modernism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.Pavlic, Edward M. Crossroads Modernism: Descent and Emergence in African-American Literary Culture. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, 2002.Pondrom, Cyrena. â€Å"The Role of Myth in Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. † American Literature 58, no. 2, 1986.

Unit 13

Unit 13 1 Understand what dementia is 1. 1 explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ Dementia is a serious loss of global cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal ageing. 1. 2 describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia Dementia is not a single disease, but a non-specific syndrome (i. e. , set of signs and symptoms). Affected cognitive areas can be memory, attention, language, and problem solving. emporal lobe = responsible foe vision, memory, language, hearing, learning frontal lobe = responsible for decision making , problem solving, control behavior and emotions parietal lobe = responsible for sensory information from the body, also where letters are formed, putting things in order and spatial awareness occipital lobe = responsible for processing information related to vision cerebrum lobe = biggest part of the Brain its role is memory, attention, thought, and our consciousness, senses and movement hippocampus = responsible for memory forming, organizing and storing and emotions 1. explain why depression, delirium and age-related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia Delirium and age-related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia because this can be also symptoms for other disease or even diseases. Normally, symptoms must be present for at least six months to support a diagnosis. Cognitive dysfunction of shorter duration is called â€Å"delirium†. Especially in later stages of the condition, subjects may be disoriented in time (not knowing the day, week, or even year), in place (not knowing where they are), and in person (not knowing whom they and/or others around them are). Understand key features of the theoretical models of dementia 2. 1 outline the medical model of dementia Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterized by global cognitive impairment, which represents a decline from previous level of functioning, and is associated wit h impairment in functional abilities and, in many cases, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances. 2. 2 outline the social model of dementia The social model of care seeks to understand the emotions and behaviors of the person with dementia by placing him or her within the context of his or her social circumstances and biography.By learning about each person with dementia as an individual, with his or her own history and background, care and support can be designed to be more appropriate to individual needs. 2. 3 explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability People who have dementia are not aware of requirements for living. They can forget to do the essential things that are vital. Taking medicines, hygiene and even eating are often forgotten. They can get lost or hurt and not understand what is necessary to correct a situation.Turning on the stove or water and forgetting to turn it off, locking doors, crossing streets etc. can be dangerous even deadly. In the same way you wo uld not think as an infant incapable of self care a person with dementia can not be either. Considering the facts that they cannot act in the manner of a responsible adult makes them disabled. 3 Know the most common types of dementia and their causes 3. 1 list the most common causes of dementia There isn’t one identifiable source for the disease and it is thought that it is a combination of factors that cause the condition.The disease may develop silently for years before the symptoms appear. I can list a few: -Alzheimer’s disease -Dementia with Lewy bodies, -Stroke -Parkinson’s -Degenerative disease -Alcohol related dementia -any disease or event which can create injuries to the brain. 3. 2 describe the likely signs and symptoms of the most common causes of dementia †¢ Memory loss, frequently forgetting conversations, appointments, or events †¢ Impaired judgment †¢ Difficulties with abstract thinking †¢ Faulty reasoning †¢ Inappropriate behavior Loss of communication skills, difficulty following the flow of a conversation †¢ Disorientation to time and place †¢ Gait, motor, and balance problems †¢ Neglect of personal care and safety †¢ Hallucinations, paranoia, agitation †¢ Frequently losing or misplacing things 3. 3 outline the risk factors for the most common causes of dementia The most common causes for dementia are: The age, gender and hormonal effects, stress, head trauma, education, chemical exposure, depression, parental age, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, cerebral white-matter lesion, alcohol, 3. identify prevalence rates for different types of Dementia Alzheimer's is the most prevalent. Vascular Dementia is the second most prevalent. After that things convoluted a bit but Dementia with Lewy bodies is probably third. 4 Understand factors relating to an individual’s experience of dementia 4. 1 describe how different individuals may experience living with dementia dep ending on age, type of dementia, and level of ability and disability Depending on the form of dementia people's ability and disability will be different. People with dementia may not necessarily always be forgetful, for xample an individual with Fronto-temporal dementia may be less forgetful than a person suffering from Alzheimer disease. Their memory may remain intact but their personality and behavior could be noticeably changed. Dementia with Lewy bodies interrupts the brain’s normal functioning and affects the person's memory, concentration and speech skills. It has similar symptoms to Parkinson's disease such as tremors, slowness of movement and speech difficulties. People with vascular dementia may suffer from incontinence or seizure where other types of dementia may not affect those.However the level of ability and disability depend on individual's age and condition of dementia, people who are living with dementia in earlier age such as 60's-70's are less likely to be as dependable on others than people living with dementia at the age of over their 70's or 80's. People also have different levels of stamina at different ages, so their ability and disability may vary and the level of support they require will be varied as well. 4. 2 outline the impact that the attitudes and behaviors of others may have on an individual with dementiaA person with dementia in contact with a healthy and normal person can become depressed, introverted, and violent; can refuse any communication or co-operation. All these example of behavioral can appear if the person who gets in touch with the person with dementia has no experience, or doesn’t know about the person’s condition(dementia). If the CA has enough dates about the SU than can provide the necessary care and to adopt the necessary attitude to create a link which allows to get close enough to the SU and to provide the assistance to maintain the quality of SU’s life, promoting good hygiene, so cialization, nutrition, self respect. Unit 13 Unit 13 1 Understand what dementia is 1. 1 explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ Dementia is a serious loss of global cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal ageing. 1. 2 describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia Dementia is not a single disease, but a non-specific syndrome (i. e. , set of signs and symptoms). Affected cognitive areas can be memory, attention, language, and problem solving. emporal lobe = responsible foe vision, memory, language, hearing, learning frontal lobe = responsible for decision making , problem solving, control behavior and emotions parietal lobe = responsible for sensory information from the body, also where letters are formed, putting things in order and spatial awareness occipital lobe = responsible for processing information related to vision cerebrum lobe = biggest part of the Brain its role is memory, attention, thought, and our consciousness, senses and movement hippocampus = responsible for memory forming, organizing and storing and emotions 1. explain why depression, delirium and age-related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia Delirium and age-related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia because this can be also symptoms for other disease or even diseases. Normally, symptoms must be present for at least six months to support a diagnosis. Cognitive dysfunction of shorter duration is called â€Å"delirium†. Especially in later stages of the condition, subjects may be disoriented in time (not knowing the day, week, or even year), in place (not knowing where they are), and in person (not knowing whom they and/or others around them are). Understand key features of the theoretical models of dementia 2. 1 outline the medical model of dementia Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterized by global cognitive impairment, which represents a decline from previous level of functioning, and is associated wit h impairment in functional abilities and, in many cases, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances. 2. 2 outline the social model of dementia The social model of care seeks to understand the emotions and behaviors of the person with dementia by placing him or her within the context of his or her social circumstances and biography.By learning about each person with dementia as an individual, with his or her own history and background, care and support can be designed to be more appropriate to individual needs. 2. 3 explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability People who have dementia are not aware of requirements for living. They can forget to do the essential things that are vital. Taking medicines, hygiene and even eating are often forgotten. They can get lost or hurt and not understand what is necessary to correct a situation.Turning on the stove or water and forgetting to turn it off, locking doors, crossing streets etc. can be dangerous even deadly. In the same way you wo uld not think as an infant incapable of self care a person with dementia can not be either. Considering the facts that they cannot act in the manner of a responsible adult makes them disabled. 3 Know the most common types of dementia and their causes 3. 1 list the most common causes of dementia There isn’t one identifiable source for the disease and it is thought that it is a combination of factors that cause the condition.The disease may develop silently for years before the symptoms appear. I can list a few: -Alzheimer’s disease -Dementia with Lewy bodies, -Stroke -Parkinson’s -Degenerative disease -Alcohol related dementia -any disease or event which can create injuries to the brain. 3. 2 describe the likely signs and symptoms of the most common causes of dementia †¢ Memory loss, frequently forgetting conversations, appointments, or events †¢ Impaired judgment †¢ Difficulties with abstract thinking †¢ Faulty reasoning †¢ Inappropriate behavior Loss of communication skills, difficulty following the flow of a conversation †¢ Disorientation to time and place †¢ Gait, motor, and balance problems †¢ Neglect of personal care and safety †¢ Hallucinations, paranoia, agitation †¢ Frequently losing or misplacing things 3. 3 outline the risk factors for the most common causes of dementia The most common causes for dementia are: The age, gender and hormonal effects, stress, head trauma, education, chemical exposure, depression, parental age, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, cerebral white-matter lesion, alcohol, 3. identify prevalence rates for different types of Dementia Alzheimer's is the most prevalent. Vascular Dementia is the second most prevalent. After that things convoluted a bit but Dementia with Lewy bodies is probably third. 4 Understand factors relating to an individual’s experience of dementia 4. 1 describe how different individuals may experience living with dementia dep ending on age, type of dementia, and level of ability and disability Depending on the form of dementia people's ability and disability will be different. People with dementia may not necessarily always be forgetful, for xample an individual with Fronto-temporal dementia may be less forgetful than a person suffering from Alzheimer disease. Their memory may remain intact but their personality and behavior could be noticeably changed. Dementia with Lewy bodies interrupts the brain’s normal functioning and affects the person's memory, concentration and speech skills. It has similar symptoms to Parkinson's disease such as tremors, slowness of movement and speech difficulties. People with vascular dementia may suffer from incontinence or seizure where other types of dementia may not affect those.However the level of ability and disability depend on individual's age and condition of dementia, people who are living with dementia in earlier age such as 60's-70's are less likely to be as dependable on others than people living with dementia at the age of over their 70's or 80's. People also have different levels of stamina at different ages, so their ability and disability may vary and the level of support they require will be varied as well. 4. 2 outline the impact that the attitudes and behaviors of others may have on an individual with dementiaA person with dementia in contact with a healthy and normal person can become depressed, introverted, and violent; can refuse any communication or co-operation. All these example of behavioral can appear if the person who gets in touch with the person with dementia has no experience, or doesn’t know about the person’s condition(dementia). If the CA has enough dates about the SU than can provide the necessary care and to adopt the necessary attitude to create a link which allows to get close enough to the SU and to provide the assistance to maintain the quality of SU’s life, promoting good hygiene, so cialization, nutrition, self respect.

Hippopotamus Facts

Hippopotamus Facts With a broad mouth, a hairless body, and a set of semi-aquatic habits, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) has always struck humans as vaguely comical creatures. Found only in sub-Saharan Africa, a hippo in the wild can be almost as dangerous (and unpredictable) as a tiger or hyena. Fast Facts: Hippopotamus Scientific Name: Hippopotamus amphibiusCommon Name: Common hippopotamusBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 11–17 feetWeight: 5500 pounds (female), 6600 pounds (male)Lifespan: 35–50 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat: Sub-saharan AfricaPopulation: 115,000–130,000Conservation Status: Vulnerable Description Hippos arent the worlds largest land mammals- that honor belongs, by a hair, to the largest breeds of elephants and rhinoceroses- but they come pretty close. The biggest male hippos can approach three tons and 17 feet, and apparently, never stop growing throughout their 50-year life span. The females are a few hundred pounds lighter, but every bit as menacing, especially when defending their young. Hippopotamuses have very little body hair- a trait that puts them in the company of humans, whales, and a handful of other mammals. Hippos have hair only around their mouths and on the tips of their tails. To make up for this deficit, hippos do have extremely thick skin, consisting of about two inches of the epidermis and only a thin layer of underlying fat- theres not much need to conserve heat in the wilds of equatorial Africa. Hippos do, however, have very delicate skin that needs to be protected from the harsh sun. The hippo produces its own natural sunscreen- a substance called blood sweat or red sweat, it consists of red and orange acids that absorb ultraviolet light and inhibit the growth of bacteria. This has led to the widespread myth that hippos sweat blood; in fact, these mammals dont possess any sweat glands at all, which would be superfluous considering their semi-aquatic lifestyle. Many animals, including humans, are sexually dimorphic- the males tend to be larger than the females (or vice-versa), and there are other ways, besides directly examining the genitals, to distinguish between the two sexes. A male hippo, though, looks pretty much exactly like a female hippo, except that males are 10 percent heavier than females. The inability to easily tell whether a particular animal is male or female makes it difficult for researchers in the field to investigate the social life of a lounging herd of hippos. Wikimedia Commons Species While there is only one hippopotamus species- Hippopotamus amphibius- researchers recognize five different subspecies, corresponding to the parts of Africa where these mammals live. H. amphibius amphibius, also known as the Nile hippopotamus or the great northern hippopotamus, lives in Mozambique and Tanzania;H. amphibius kiboko, the East African hippopotamus, lives in Kenya and Somalia;H. amphibius capensis, the South African hippo or the Cape hippo, extends from Zambia to South Africa;H. amphibius tchadensis, the West African or Chad hippo, lives in (you guessed it) western Africa and Chad; and the Angola hippopotamus; andH. amphibius constrictus, the Angola hippo, is restricted to Angola, Congo, and Namibia. The name hippopotamus derives from Greek- a combination of hippo, meaning horse, and potamus, meaning river. Of course, this mammal coexisted with human populations of Africa for thousands of years before the Greeks ever laid eyes on it, and is known by various extant tribes as the mvuvu, kiboko, timondo, and dozens of other local variants. There is no right or wrong way to pluralize hippopotamus: some people prefer hippopotamuses, others like hippopotami, but you should always say hippos rather than hippi. Groups of hippopotamuses (or hippopotami) are called herds, dales, pods, or bloats. Habitat and Range Hippos spend most of each day in shallow water, emerging at night to travel to hippo lawns, grassy areas where they graze. Grazing only at night allows them to keep their skins moist and out of the African sun. When theyre not grazing on grass- which at night takes them into the African lowlands several miles away from the water and for periods of five or six hours at a stretch- hippos prefer to spend their time fully or partially submerged in freshwater lakes and rivers, and occasionally even in saltwater estuaries. Even at night, some hippos remain in the water, in essence taking turns at the hippo lawns. Diet Hippos eat between 65–100 pounds of grass and foliage each night. Somewhat confusingly, hippos are classified as pseudoruminants- theyre equipped with multiple-chambered stomachs, like cows, but they do not chew a cud (which, considering the huge size of their jaws, would make for a pretty comical sight). Fermentation takes place primarily in their fore-stomachs. A hippo has an enormous mouth and it can open up to a whopping 150-degree angle. Their diets certainly have something to do with it- a two-ton mammal has to eat a lot of food to sustain its metabolism. But sexual selection also plays a major role: Opening ones mouth very widely is a good way to impress females (and deter competing males) during mating season, the same reason that males are equipped with such enormous incisors, which otherwise would make no sense given their vegetarian menus. Hippos dont use their incisors to eat; they pluck plant parts with their lips and chew on them with their molars. A hippo can chomp down on branches and leaves with a force of about 2,000 pounds per square inch, enough to cleave a luckless tourist in half (which occasionally happens during unsupervised safaris). By way of comparison, a healthy human male has a bite force of about 200 PSI, and a full-grown saltwater crocodile tilts the dials at 4,000 PSI. Behavior If you ignore the difference in size, hippopotamuses may be the closest thing to amphibians in the mammal kingdom.  In the water, hippos live in loose polygynous groups made up mostly of females with their offspring, one territorial male and several unallied bachelors: The alpha male has a section of beach or lake edge for a territory. Hippopotamuses have sex in the water- the natural buoyancy helps to protect the females from the suffocating weight of the males- fight in the water, and even give birth in the water. Amazingly, a hippo can even sleep underwater, as its autonomic nervous system prompts it to float to the surface every few minutes and take a gulp of air. The main problem with a semi-aquatic African habitat, of course, is that hippos have to share their homes with crocodiles, which occasionally pick off smaller newborns unable to defend themselves. Although male hippos do have territories, and they squabble a bit, that is usually restricted to roaring vocalizations and ritual. The only real battles are when a bachelor male challenges a territorial male for rights over his patch and harem. Reproduction and Offspring Hippopotamuses are polygynous: One bull mates with multiple cows in his territorial/social group. Hippo females usually mate once every two years, and the bull mates with whichever cows are in heat. Although mating can occur throughout the year, conception only occurs from February to August. The gestation period lasts nearly a year, with births taking place between October and April. Hippos only give birth to one calf at a time; calves weigh 50–120 pounds at birth and are adapted to underwater nursing.   Juvenile hippos stay with their mothers and are reliant on mothers milk for nearly a year (324 days). Female juveniles remain in their mothers group, while males leave after they are sexually mature, about three and a half years. WILLIAM WEST/Getty Images  Ã‚   Evolutionary History Unlike the case with rhinoceroses and elephants, the evolutionary tree of hippopotamuses is rooted in mystery. Modern hippos shared a last common ancestor, or concestor, with modern whales, and this presumed species lived in Eurasia about 60 million years ago, only five million years after the dinosaurs had gone extinct. Still, there are tens of millions of years bearing little or no fossil evidence, spanning most of the Cenozoic Era, until the first identifiable hippopotamids like Anthracotherium and Kenyapotamus appear on the scene. The branch leading to the modern genus of hippopotamus split off from the branch leading to the pygmy hippopotamus (genus Choeropsis) less than 10 million years ago. The pygmy hippopotamus of western Africa weighs less than 500 pounds but otherwise looks uncannily like a full-sized hippo. Conservation Status The Internal Union for the Conservation of Nature estimates that there are 115,000–130,000 hippos in central and southern Africa, a sharp drop from their census numbers in prehistoric times; they classify hippos as vulnerable, experiencing a continuing decline in area, extent, and quality of habitat. Threats Hippopotamuses live exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa (though they once had a more widespread distribution). Their numbers have declined most precipitously in the Congo in central Africa, where poachers and hungry soldiers have left only about 1,000 hippos standing out of a previous population of almost 30,000. Unlike elephants, which are valued for their ivory, hippos dont have much to offer traders, with the exception of their enormous teeth- which are sometimes sold as ivory substitutes. Another direct threat to the hippopotamus is the loss of habitat. Hippos need water, at least mudholes, all year round to take care of their skin; but they also need grazing lands, and those patches are in danger of disappearing as a result of climate-change-driven desertification. Sources Barklow, William E. Amphibious Communication with Sound in Hippos, Hippopotamus Amphibius. Animal Behaviour 68.5 (2004): 1125–32. Print.Eltringham, S. Keith. 3.2: The Common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius). Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Ed. Oliver, William L.R. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resouces, 1993. Print.Lewison, R. and J. Pluhcek. Hippopotamus amphibius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.e.T10103A18567364, 2017.  Walzer, Chris, and Gabrielle Stalder. Chapter 59 - Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus). Fowlers Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8. Eds. Miller, R. Eric and Murray E. Fowler. St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, 2015. 584–92. Print.