'Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment' Essay

Critically examine the relationship between war and underdevelopment - Essay archetypeBefore analyzing the impact of war on development, the present paper will first provide a precise discussion of factors that cause war. Structural and predestinationist explanations of the causes of war or violence suggest that circumstances compel people to involve in war. There can be several stinting factors relating to grievances, dissimilitude or scarcity social issues relating to some kind of ethnic, religious or gender differences or political factors like incompatible claims to power, resources etc. Some different explanations look at the agency problems and claim that war results from the choices that peoples agency choose and their fight is quite rational. If the previous two approaches of explaining the causes of war atomic number 18 combined, then it can be said that peoples choice of getting into violence or war is shaped by the prevailing circumstances, which may be based on some conflicting interests or differing rationalities among groups.There is no doubt that war has numerous negative impacts on social, political and economic life of people. Many people are of the opinion that war negatively affects development of a country or region. Huge costs are mired in war. There are a lot of studies which have described several negative effects of war. Among various types of costs, the economic costs are the well-nigh important ones that directly affect the developmental process of a country or region. According to Dreze and Gazdar (Dreze and Gazdar, 1991, p. 930), the economic and welfare consequences that resulted from UN-Iraq Gulf war was more impish than the suffering that resulted directly from the war. There exists a distinction between direct and indirect costs of war on human welfare. Direct costs intimate the destruction that the war causes to the civilization, while indirect costs are those that are realized in the later periods. During war several economic strategies are undertaken which produces immense impact, mostly in a negative way on the development. For

Organic Food Production Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organic Food Production Values - Essay ExampleAny substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical substance process, or by a process that results in a chemical change in a substance extracted from a naturally occurring plant savage or mineral source, is termed a synthetic material.The main emphasis of innate farming is to minimize air, soil and water pollution. Animal and crop wastes, botanical, biological or non-synthetic pest control methods are used in organic farming. When required only permissible synthetic material that can be quickly down in the mouth down by oxygen and sunlight are used. Alternative methods to increase soil fertility such as crop rotation, tillage and cultivation practices, see crops, and natural products such as natural fertilizers and pesticides are used.To be used for organic farming, a plot of land has to be free from the use of prohibitive substances for a minimum period of three years before the harvest of an organic crop. Organic farming , therefore, takes a long start-up period.Organic foods are produced according to certain production standards. For crops, it means they were grown without the use of conventional pesticides, artificial fertilizers, human waste, or sewage sludge, and that they were processed without ionizing radiation or food additives. For animals, it means they were reared without the habitude use of antibiotics and without the use of growth hormones. In most countries, organic produce must not be genetically modified. (Wikipedia)The Biodynamic Movement founded by Rudolf Steiner is the main conceit behind organic farming. Conceived in the 1920s, biodynamic agriculture is the oldest consciously organic approach to agriculture. Biodynamic agriculture is stricter in its requirements for on-farm self-sufficiency, in terms of manure, compost and animal feed, than other types of organic farming.

Conformity discussion Essay Example for Free

Conformity discussion EssayConformity was first researched by Jenness (1932) who dictated a large number of beans in a bottle and asked students to estimate the number and then arranged for them to discuss their guesses with a radical, later when asked to give their estimates again he found their individual estimates had converged towards that of the group. In Sherifs (1935) study of residency, Sherif used the autokinetic effect in which a stationary spotlight in the dark seems to be paltry due(p) to slight movements of the eye. When participants were asked by how much and in what direction did the spotlight move they tended to make sagacitys that were very soused to each others when placed in a group. The fact that a group norm rapidly replaced the personal norms of the members of the group indicates the existence of social influence.Asch questi angiotensin-converting enzymed the results of Sheriffs study and claimed that participants only conformed because the stimulus was ambiguous. Asch (1951) set up a situation in which 7 people all sat looking at a display they were given the task of saying out sleazy which one of the three lines a, b or c was the same the same length as the given stimulus line all but one of the participants were confederates. On the crucial trials on which the confederates all gave the same wrong answer the genuine participant also gave the wrong answer on 37% of these trials. This showed that group pressures to conform were stronger then previously thought since the situation was unambiguous.This led to Deutsh and Gerard (1955) to identify two explanations for conformity, Normative and Informational influence. The latter occurs when an individual conforms because of the superior knowledge or judgement of others as in Sherifs (1935) study of conformity. Informational influence tends to lead to a change in private opinion. Normative influence occurs when an individual conforms because the person wants to be care by the othe r members of a group, and also wants to avoid rejection as in Asch (1951). Normative influence is not likely to change private opinions but cosmos opinions.However, since these studies it has been found that there exists a historical difference and cultural differences in conformity. One of the limitations of Aschs work was the background of the participants obtained from the United States in the early 1940s, Americans were said to be more conformist than other people. Perrin Spencer (1980) conducted research in which they repeated Aschs study in England and found little shew of conformity in comparison to Aschs study, leading(a) them to conclude that Aschs study was a child of its time. In addition to this Smith and Bond (1993) carried out an analysis of a number of studies that had used Aschs task in the United States.They concluded that Levels of conformity in general had steadily declined since Aschs study in the early 1950s. Still, Perrin Spencers study was criticized on t he grounds that the participants they selected were educated to a mettlesome standard and therefore had more confidence in their opinion. This together with Smith and Bonds research suggests that the decline in conformity through time has been largely due to changes in education practices.Hence the aim of this study is to investigate levels of conformity amongst sixth form tutors at Moseley UK, it is presumed that there will be little evidence of conformity since the participants have been through an education system that supposedly promotes independent thinking, as well as the time difference between now, and the original conformity studies. It is also true that the participants experience of society will reflect that of an individualistic nature where the emphasis is on and around the individual to have a sense impression of personal identity, thus reducing the likelihood of conformity. This will be done by partially replicating the Jennes jellybean study.Experimental hypothesis The participants will produce estimates that are close to the fake answers already written down in the high and low conditions.Null Hypothesis The participants estimates will be unaffected by the fake answers already written down in the high and low conditions.The experimental hypothesis is based on previous research.MethodDesignField Experiment purpose in that experiment was conducted within the school, this design was preferred as it was the most cost and time effective. Independent and Dependant variables included (IV= Condition, DV=estimate). There were 2 conditions graduate(prenominal) answer condition and a Low answer condition. Independent design in that each participant is selected for only one group. Directional Hypothesis was selected on the basis of previous research, the level of conformity, whether it was significant, was to be established using the Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of p=0.05.

Self - Assessment of Personality Essay Example for Free

Self Assessment of Personality Es asseverateId, Ego, Superego three levels of depth a person has to fill out in order to determine ones situatedness and beingness. In order to realize better and to assess ones egotism or to shaft who you reall(a)y ar, I believe that it should start from knowing the three you within one single body. With Sigmund Freuds theory I can relate more than for there are times that I could not understand myself. Specially at times when I am alone, I keep talking close and thinking about something, then later those things would vanish and Ill be back with reality perhaps. I really believe that we people are alternately changing our depths at a time, there are times when our Id prevails and we that dont know the exact when and where and how we get away from it. I envision it lot. Our Ego our prevalent state of mind the state wherein we think we always are. It is the state wherein we bring back ourselves from our imaginations and aspirations. Supere go, our mysterious personality wherein, I sometimes manufacture someone I could never put one over thought I could be in the real setting notwithstanding I unconsciously wanted to get under ones skin somebody interchange able-bodied that impossible me.A human being is really that mysterious and too puzzling because I know my physical actions for Ego limits me, but others do not know my other thoughts as ofttimes as I do not know what they too are thinking. That is why to preserve our self to be corrected and to be wronged by everybody else we commit these various ways of defense mechanisms and these ways are really common to us all and sometimes we are doing it but do not admit to doing it because we want to let the people know that we are not that easy to get and that we immaculate at all times because we are prideful in nature no matter how we deny it.Basing on the principles and theories of Carl Jung I can say that I can myself as an Extravert person and more specifically a extravert feeling type of person. That is because I am the person that it outward and enjoin to the world outside me. I enjoy human interactions and I am enthusiastic, talkative, assertive and expressive. Taking pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such(prenominal) as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups are my type.I want to spend more time with people I know and comfortable being with them, moreover I feel energized when interacting with large group of people and feel a decrease of energy when left alone. Nonetheless I am sociable, sentimental, examineks personal and social success that is why I can say that I am a feeling type of extravert specifically. I also admit of possessing those broad of unconscious collective, like Persona, Shadow, being excited with my Animus-destiny and of course I am hoping to find the dependable one in the right time someday.With I could infer that in order to contain hel p ourselves survive from the extremes of separately of our life stages we restrain to apply the moderation principle like in Buddhism. We need to realize that everything has its own opposite as said in every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. However, Erikson wants us to realize that in life there is no such thing as perfection and that we cannot draw all good things and all bad things we have to be lie of this action, reaction principle.In order to do this, you have to consider some possible outcomes, and that everything will come our way because life comes in surprises. To be able to be able to lintel with the different conflicts in each life stage we should learn to embrace the two opposing possibilities. Like in exams although I have studied I cannot assure myself that I would pass the test that is why in order to not be shattered and disappointed with the results of whatever examination, we must need to expect the unexpected and think of the worst that would happen. In that way we could adjust and continue living.It is just a matter of making conflicts get together and when they do so, those conflicts will become an achievement in ones life.Adlers principle is on Superiority and Inferiority complex, and about the four types of people. at any rate also of the concept on Fictional Finalism- being the perfect self you can be. Each person is striving hard in order to attain the supremacy status of their lives. Hoping that time will come that everyone would look up on you and that you will become the master of all things, becoming good in all aspects of life and all.Having the most treasured and expensive things in the whole wide world wanting to make other people experience the hardships you have undergone before you reach where you are now. With Alfreds four types of people I categorize myself as belonging to the Socially Useful type of person, because I cherish having control over others lives and strive to do good things for the sake of society. I like the feeling of taking care of others see them bugger off and follow my move or maybe exceed my achievements, it is just that overwhelming.Maslows theory of personality is based on Humanistic Psychology. It aims to examine what is really right with people, rather than just what is wrong with them. Knowing more on the potentials of an individual rather than scrutinizing their incapabilities. The concept shows that humans reach for a high-level of capabilities in our possible and comfortable way. we have our preferences for we are unique and we must be respected for our own discretion. Furthermore, reality look for the frontiers of creativity, the highest reaches of consciousness and wiseness.Besides humans are labeled as to the full functioning person, healthy personality, or as Maslow calls this level, self-actualizing person. These self-actualizers are of addressing the needs of a human person, specifically our psychological needs, safety, belonging, self-es teem and the end self-actualization. It is in simplifying our life there we could attain the highest peak of our different careers, which is towards Self-Actualization and it could only be done if we focus on one thing at a time.Humans as we are we strive hard enough even ending up pushing ourselves to our limits. We want to be the One, to attain perfection at any aspect and to please everyone in the community. This goal of attaining perfection is not only influenced by our own feelings most often we are put in this kind of situation by the people in our community. For they have expected you to be always on top and that all your actions are flawless and if you do not keep up to their standards you will be considered an outcast from the society, you will become the subject for all the eyes, the talks and the jokes.In order to be able to cope with them you are trying as much as you can sometimes you even become paranoid and lunatic. Rogers only explains that people in the society are the people that prevents us from showing our real self and that is why we have this cover-up when you are outside- the thing you call as your Ideal Self, making each individual sometimes forget who they really are from their cover up self. In that way, we sometimes mix up our self with the fake and the true self we are.Making us more inclined with showing our mask instead of our true essence, Alberts Social- Cognitive Learning Theory explains why nowadays galore(postnominal) children are doing some mature stuffs and those acts that they are not suppose to do at their age but they are now doing, it is because as it is said what you see is what you get. Example when a child is exposed to a gambling community it is perhaps a resulting consequence that the child would grow up as a gambler.It is like what you are fed with, it is what you do and follow. Children in nature are observant enough, what gets their attention, probable result- the images will be stuck in their minds and they ha ve retention with that matter. nigh in line will be application or reproduction of that certain act and most probably if rewards or anything that would inspire them is match with that claim or matter the child would probably do those kinds of things.That is why I can say that what you are as a child reflections the current You. What you knew, observed, and confined as a little child would probably the cause of your current actions, you are doing now, for how you are as a child is how you will become when you grow up.Each one of us are shaped and are upholding some various traits we are taught when we were young that we have brought now that we are matured. People say that I am a person that always leads and is always cheerful and happy.On the deeper side, I feel being burden when I lead sometimes and that not every flash of my smile expresses that I am being happy, maybe I am just to angry that I could not do anything but laugh on it. That I think is my cardinal trait as a person . My central traits should be that I am trying to grateful at all costs and trying to be calm at all times not for my own sake but for the people close to me. Lastly, secondary traits is that my being easily pissed off and being too moody, I always show those traits when something is wrong with my scores in class or if I do not get what I want.Therefore traits of each and individual changes through time and nothing in constant, we could all have a change of traits as well as we have our change of hearts everytime we fall and by the time that we rise again. Traits of ours our sometimes our defense mechanism in order not to end up with having breakdown in our disappointments and trials, we must just manage ourselves properly in order to have a much better way of coping up mechanism when things go wrong.

Arabic Mythology Essay Example for Free

Arabic Mythology EssayLike any other culture, ancient Arabs believed in demons, devils and the similar, or at least they had stories about these things whquintessence or not they believed those stories were true. Like everybody else they had their own mythology. Some of these stories are not re solelyy famous even so for native speakers, comparable the story of how the peter lost its ability to fly, or the legend which states that a very long time ago everything was able to talk And few other stories are well-known (at least for those who DO read) like the ogres and poetry Genies. Arabs have a long-forgotten term which says when everythingQ was talking to describe something that happened a long time ago, specially in the pre-historic era. The root of this term is that ancient Arabs believed that everything -everything including animals and rocks- had the ability to talk at one point in history. And a lot of Arabian legends took place at that part of history. One example of this is the story of how did the rooster lost its ability to fly. The story goes like that the rooster and the crow were drinking together until they finished all the drinks they had.So the crow told the rooster that he would bring more drinks and food if he gave him his wings and the rooster agreed. Needless to say, the crow never returned them and that is why the rooster crows every morning. He is calling the crow at the same time he took his wings. Most of the paranormal Arabian stories take place in the abjure with a single hero. There are just so manhoody Arabian stories about encounters with paranormal creatures in the desert. Some of them are friendly like poetry demons or genies and some are not like ogres.Also there are some stories about heroes like Ta-ab-ba-ta_Sha-run, a real man who became a legend because of all the stories that were made up about him. He was described as The fastest man when he run, and the strongest when he fights. His spear when propel is like w inters windetc and he had so many encounters with demons and ogres in the desert. One of these encounters gave him his name when he fought an ogre bare-handed and killed it in Raha-Bitan. Then he carried it to his people infra his armpit so they gave him his name which means the one who carry evil ender his armpit. Unfortunately he was a thief in a lot of stories.When talking about pre-Islamic Arabs you can consider the demons and the Genies to be the same. Genies were famous as excellent poets, and Arabs believed that every human poet had a Genie friend who inspires him with verses, even if he didnt know about it. The genie is called Ra-Ei, this word is driven from the verb to see and realizing what is behind the seen. And from a noun mean seeing the future or predicting it ether in real life or a dream that turns true. When you talk about a poet and his genie you say that the poet is the Genies Elf and the genie is the poets Ra-Ei.Elf is a word driven from Elfah which means a close relationship or feeling comfortable with a person or a thing that you get used to. Also some say that the Genie is born with you and you are stuck together forever, while others said that you do not born with a Genie but you can have one later. People said that the Genies come from a valley named Abqar/Abkar and their master is setting under the poetry tree, the root for all rhythms and verses in the world. It is said that you exit become a poet if you sleep in that valley for one night and you will meet your genie.All poetry Genies belong there even if they didnt actually live there. A genie doesnt necessarily need to be physically near his human friend to inspire him with verses so some Genies decide to stay there. Some famous poets claimed that they know their Genie and gave him a name, and some of them said that they met their Genie personally. Like Abu-Nawas and Al-Faraz-daq who both claimed that the head Genie is their Ra-Ei. Nowadays, we know that almost all mythologie s are wrong, but that is not a reason to provide them because the value of mythology does not lay in its veracity but in its role as a part of history and culture.

Tsunami Resisting Structure Design

Tsunami Resisting Structure DesignTsunami swingsAbstractIn the past Lebanon has experienced roughly study earthquakes and tsunamis. Kids are taught at school that Lebanons capital Beirut was buried 9 terms because of these catastrophic events. However, other than worldmade disasters, modern situation has been calm and this of a sudden Mediterranean country has been tsunami free for quite some time. Unfortunately studies show that this situation impart not remain as calm in the afterlife and that the Lebanese coast is in danger of re-experiencing these vagabonds. In this paper the historic Tsunami activity around the world volition be reviewed and evidence shall be given on why this event will strike Lebanon after 1500 years of absence. In addition, the behaviors and characteristics of tsunamis will be presented, how they start and how they destroy and by knowing the effects they have on buildings and the damages they cause to their elements, we are able to design a structu re with the purpose of resisting these fill up. The aim of this study is to design a Tsunami Resisting Structure in accordance with the current guidelines and complying with the existing Standards and Codes, that is expected to provide safe refugee from Tsunami and earthquakes. An example shall be given and the applied loads shall be metrical in the following pages.IntroductionIt is said in the bible that the Lord told Noah that a flood of waters shall be brought upon the Earth to destroy mankind, both man and beast shall drown (Genesis 617). Tsunamis have been happening since the beginning of time, in the past as well as in our days when that event occurred, as part of evacuation technique or simply by instincts for survival people try to escape by going inland or try to reach higher altitudes. But the wave hits the land with great energy and speed that basically trying to race it horizontally is practically impossible and about casualties that happen during a tsunami is when people try to flee the coast and move inland to higher altitudes. In some theatre of operationss an evacuation is not possible in time and the best chances people have is through a vertical evacuation by moving upwards to higher levels in a tsunami resisting structure. (FEMA P646A, 2009)The image of a vertical evacuation structure came to be after the tragic Sumatra earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami in December 26, 2004. 300,000 lives were lost in the packing material day tsunami (Christian Meinig et al.,2005), and that number would have been so much worse if Reinforced Concrete Structure did not act as shelters for survivals. (FEMA P646A, 2009)We learnt from past events, and if a concrete multistory house was able to resist, even it was temporarily, even if it was for a short term, then a structure brush off be designed to withstand Tsunami as well as earthquakes, because in most cases, these two hazards are connected.DefinitionThe Federal Emergency counsel Agency (FEMA) and the National Oceanic Atmospheric judicatory (NOAA) explain tsunami as A Tsunami is a naturally occurring series of ocean waves resulting from a rapid, large-scale disturbance in a body of water.). They can be caused by either volcano eruption under water, or earthquake or landslides etc. (FEMA P646A, 2009). When they travel in the ocean the waves and fast but short in height, but when they reach the coast, the waves gain in height.It was believed that a number of events led to these oceanic waves however after the study of past events it was concluded that the major cause for tsunami generations was due to tectonic movements. Katsuyuki Abe in his publication Tsunami and Mechanism of great earthquakes explains the relationship between these waves and earthquakes. Katsuyuki Abe said tsunamis are generated by tectonic deformations rather than by large submarine landslides and slumps. (Katsuyuki Abe, 1972). When tectonic plates are active, plate deformation induces seismic activity t hat cause earthquakes (Stein and Klosko, 2002) and The source of the tsunami/earthquake can be tracked tolerate to its origin by analyzing the arrival date of the first wave to the shore.The boxing day 2004 Tsunami went down in history as the deadliest tsunami, with more than 230,000 casualties across 14 countries The earthquake triggering the tsunami was of magnitude 9, the most powerful earthquake in 40 years (ABC news, 2014). With its epicenter located at the Sumatra coast, between 2 tectonic plates, the Indian plate and the Burma plate. The two plates were so stressed that the earthquake happen when the Indian plate slipped under the Burma plate. (Sudhir et al., 2005)Tsunami in LebanonNo matter where we read or hear it, whether it was in the findings and studies published by the National Council for Scientific Research, Beirut, Lebanon or National Center for Geophysics, Lebanon or even in the August issue of the journal Geology 2007 or National Geographic News or Discovery News channel or the local newspapers, the context were the same It is just a matter of time before a destructive tsunami hits this region.An underwater survey placed Lebanon unspoilt an active fault that could generate an earthquake in the seafloor causing a desolate tsunami in the region. Elias Ata and colleagues researched that the same fault that was responsible for the strongest earthquakes in the Mediterranean is active and is in danger of producing a tsunami wave just like it did thousands of years past in the 551 A.D. tsunami in Phenecia now known as Lebanon (Elias et al, 2007). They confirmed the presence of fresh seismic breaks in the sea floor and argued that the Mount Lebanon thrust is identify as repeated earthquakes with 1500 years of return. Since the last earthquake was in 551 A.D. with an active fault line and a 1500 recurrence period, an earthquake in water is butt to happen any day now, and a tsunami will hit the entire Lebanese coast from north to south.Fortunatel y complying with the Lebanese building code for bend and design is deem to satisfy conditions for earthquake and seismic analysis, but the law does not impose tsunami design to developers and consultants and the idea of a tsunami resisting structure or a vertical evacuation model was somehow pixilated in the region. However now that we have solid proof of a predicted tsunami, that idea doesnt look absurd anymore.Structural system A basic concept design of a Tsunami/Earthquake proof structure follows a number of consideration and guidelines. After sight past events, we can conclude that the major element that contributes to the survival of houses was the material used. While most small residences in Australia are timber and light burden systems or even brick veneer and load rush wall system, the most robust model that can resist important horizontal or vertical loads is reinforced concrete and or Steel structures. Multistory building are heavier and olibanum can prevent sliding when horizontal action is applied and because above levels are not submerged they aid to resist lateral loads.Another key component is Orientation, when buildings are constructed in a direction parallel to the ocean, the wave will have a greater surface of contact, and therefore the lateral force will hit the plan faade with the lowest inertia. When they are built perpendicular to the ocean, the contact surface is smaller and the squeeze will act upon a direction of highest inertia. An ideal design is to not resist entirely the wave and have the structure with 800mm thick reinforced concrete wall. It must be a combination between a robust design combined with fragile members. In other word, the wave should pass through the building, without causing the collapse of above stories. In order for the wave to flow though the ground level, non-load bearing walls have to breakaway to make passage for the wave. These breakaway walls are masonry block walls, they collapse once struck by t he wave. (FEMA TB9, 99)How vulnerable Structures are?Observation to partly damaged houses indicated that all elements can fail under tsunami load. Foundation can be uplifted and soil can be scoured. Columns can be crop causing one story collapse or leading to progressive collapses of all upper levels and impact force can all in all dislocate columns. Beams can be bent lateraly due to horizontal action and were majorly cracked. Joints connecting two elements, such as vertical support with slab and foundation can fail entirely. Shear and divagation failure in walls have been detected, and punching shear where an axial element punches through a plan system was observed as well. However studying precisely the elements that failed is not enough engineers must also consider the components that survived. For instance, it was that facades that had openings such as windows and doors did not crumple as opposing to sides there were completely closed and thus have been ruined by the wave.Ca lculation exampleThis example consists of determining the actions caused by a tsunami on a structure of 2 basements, parking of area 1800 m2 each, Ground Level , Mezzanine and ten stories. The site is located 200 m from the shoreline, at elevation 5 m from the sea level near Beirut, LebanonElevation profile indicating the different slopes and location of the structure, taken from Google Earth 3DThe slope of the terrain is essential to determine the wave parameters, specially height.The Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA, has set guidelines to design structure from tsunami waves, FEMA P646 and FEMA P646A, 2005 shall be demonstrated in the below paragraphs to calculate all the loads generated on our structure. But first we necessitate to determine the waves properties.A tsunami wave is defined by its inundation elevation R*, with is the height of the wave at its maximum penetration. Given the topography of our project, the wave will reach the steep slope and retrieve back, tha ts 510m from the shore. To determine the height, we will assume that the height is 10mTsunami LoadsAs per FEMA P646A, 2005 8 forces are acted upon the structureHydrostatic, Buoyant, Hydrodynamic, Impulsive , junk impact, Debris damming and Uplift forces, not to mention Additional gravitational force loads from retained water on elevated floors.Hydrostatic force in the basement is when the water from tsunami is retained in the basement, and cannot escape because the basement wall outline prevent seepage, the water is trapped and the basements are compared to water reservoirs since the two basements are completely filled with water. A static analysis on reservoir will therefore be conducted with water height 12m (=6m+8m)Fluid density s = 1.2 water = 1200 kg/m3pc is the hydrostatic pressure, pc = s.g.hpc (at GL ) = s. h = 1200 x 8 = 9.6 T/m2pc (at 1st Bas. ) = s. h = 1200 x (8+ 3) = 13.2 T/m2pc (at 2nd Bas.) = s. h = 1200 x (8+6) = 16.8 T/m2Buoyant ForceThe uplift force as per Archim edes principle is as followThe reinforced concrete has a specific gravity of 2.5 T/m3, in our case the slab isnt a solid slab but made of hollow blocks with self weight equal to 0.63 T/m2 particularised gravity of a 32 cm slab of hollow blocks is = 1.97 T/m3Water has a specific gravity of 1.2 T/m3When immersed in the water the slab wont weight the same actuality it would weigh less due to the fact it has a buoyant force acting upward making it lighter.And so in water, the specific gravity of the slab will become 1.97 T/m3-1.2 T/m3 = 0.77 T/m3If we take into consideration the thickness of the slab 32 cm it becomes 0.77 T/m3 x 0.32m = 0.246 T/m2The buoyant pressure decreased the specific gravity of the slab from 0.63 T/m2 to 0.246 T/m2 so it must be equal to 0.63 T/m2 0.246 T/m2 = 0.384 T/m2The buoyant force will be applied upwards as uniform surface load 0.384 T/m2 acting on floors of 1stBasement, Ground level, Mezzanine and first floor.

Psychotherapy with Franco Americans: Ethnicity Analysis

Psychotherapy with Franco Americans Ethnicity AnalysisI stir always been detached from my bloodline, my heritage, my multi cultural experience. I have always felt like a mixed breed with place strong cultural identity or tradition. I have been told that I have primeval American, cut Canadian, Scottish, Irish, and German ancestors. I always held on to that 1/16 Native American Cherokee line that passes through my maternal grandfather by his serious blooded Cherokee nan. The medieval Conwy Castle in Wales that traces my namesake, Conway, to a Welsh castle built for Edward I in 1280s has always sent me dreaming of a violet heritage. Yet my white identity development requires my racial self-aw areness. To be a competent multi cultural counselor is to know thyself and ask, What does it mean to be white?In beginning my white identity research, I reconnected with family members and have found that actually I am not the queen of a castle or Cherokee princess solely that the mass of my heritage is recorded as far back as 1400 France. My father recorded the long line of cut ancestors and then settlers that travelled from France to red-hot France. Franco American cultural identity presents an opportunity to explore the construction of white culturality in North America (Langellier, 2002).I am Acadian. The name Acadia was first utilise by the french to differentiate the eastern side of New France (Nova Scotia) from the west which began with the St. Lawrence valley and was named Canada (Doughty, 1922). Where Acadia ended and Canada began was never clearly defined and thus became the cause of French and English conflict for several decades.The Francois Coste family of my paternal grandmother, hails from the Martigues, Maraseille area of France. The Coste family migrated to Port Royal, Nova Scotia amid 1672-1695 according to family documents. The family of Jean Fougere, with wife Marie Bourg, a branch from the same paternal grandmother came from the Diocese of Orleans, France, migrating to Cape Breton Island amid 1691-1720. Prior to my ancestors travel towards Acadia, settlements appeared to thrive, In 1667 Acadia was restored to France from English rule and by 1685 the population had doubled (Doughty, 1922). In 1670, the King of France designed a law to increase the population of New France any household who had ten living children all under one roof would receive a yearly pension of 300 pounds from the government. The population doubled every two decades and the legacy of the large French family endures (Langellier, 2009).Peace wasnt to last, 1690 saw the outbreak of other Anglo-French war and in 1702 Queen Anne of England declared war against France and Spain. Despite war, the population of Acadia had grown to about 2,100 people by 1710, and they were a strong, healthy, virtuous people rightfully attached to their religion and traditions. The most notable singularity of their race was stub naturalness. The Acadians were content with the product of their labor and having few wants, they lived in perfect equality and with extreme fasting (Doughty, 1922). In 1713, The Treaty of Utrecht set at rest the question of the ownership. Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island and the other gulf islands were in the hands of the French while Nova Scotia or Acadia was passed to the British crown (Doughty, 1922).The Great Diaspora of 1755 left Acadians completely unprepared for the devastation to come.By the Kings orders you are convened to hear His Majestys final fortitude in respect to the French inhabitants of this his province of Nova ScotiaThus it is peremptorily His Majestys orders that all the French inhabitants of these districts be removed and through His Majestys goodness I am directed to allow you liberty to carry with you your money and as many of your household goods as you can take without discommoding the vessels you go in. I hope that in whatever part of the world your lot may fall, you may be faithful subjects, a nd a peaceable and happy people. -given at Grand-Pre, 2nd September 1755 John Winslow (Doughty, 1922)Now deprived of all they held dear, the French were sent adrift as wanderers and exiles (Doughty, 1922) and my ancestors were sprinkled throughout the Acadian province in Port Royal, St. light beams, Cape Breton Island, Annapolis Royal, Ile Royale, and Port Toulouse. Some were brutally deported from eastern Canada to the Atlantic coast of the United States (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005).Deportation and exile did not bring peace to Nova Scotia. The Acadians who sought-after(a) refuge in the forests and in Cape Breton joined with their Indian allies in guerilla warfare against the British and there became more killing and decease from Indian raids than ever before (Doughty, 1922).The Acadians suffered severely. Families and colonies were separated and torn apart, spread among New England and as far south as Louisiana, an estimated 6,000 peoples deported and scattered among Bri tish colonies and merged into the superior general population with a lost identity (Doughty, 1922). The history of Franco Americans is described as silenced, forgotten, lost, sold, abandoned, translated into English, absorbed, deported, or conquered, still often too poor or working-class, keeping to ourselves, staying out of sight, on the move. And ashamed of ourselves (Langellier, 2009). In Canada, the French were admonished to speak white by British who overheard them using their mother tongue in public, a racist score of ethnic shaming. (Langellier, 2009).Characteristic of oppressed people in colonized countries and with significant parallels in the developed world is the culture of silence oppressors in the dominant culture exertion to silence through education and other institutions (Hanna, Talley, Guindon, 2000).Yet in Nova Scotia, the Acadians were missed by the oppressive British. In 1761, then lieutenant-governor wrote it appears necessary that the inhabitants should be assisted by the Acadians in repairing the dykes for the preservation and recovery of the marsh lands, as the Acadians are the most skillful in the country (Doughty, 1922).The Treaty of Paris, in 1763, brought about peace between France and England and put an end to French power in America. The Acadians were no longer considered a menace and many were able to descend home. The persecution and exile from Nova Scotia required the French Canadians to hide from the English in a psychological sense. They lived apart and turned in upon themselves in isolated rural settings, dominated culturally as intimately as religiously by the Catholic Church, they led simple lives and had minimal education (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005).My Fougere and Coste families settled for over 200 years in Atlantic Canada between 1670-1890s. Some Acadians were to wander as exiles in many lands for many years, separated from their children and from their kind, while others, more fortunate, were soon to re gain their native soil (Doughty, 1922). The earliest impetus in my family history documents a return to Nova Scotia recorded in 1784, 30 years after the English had exiled the French.My great grandfather, Jeffrey Elias Levangie, was born in Havre Boucher, Nova Scotia in 1885 he the family heir that migrated to Boston, Massachusetts in the early 1900s to raise his Franco American family. The people of Massachusetts loved not Catholics and Frenchmen nevertheless, they received the refugees with especial kindness (Doughty, 1922). Franco American neighborhoods became cognise as half-size Canadales petits canadas, the safe community where French Canadians congregated upon emigrating to the United States. Les petits canadas were barricades against assimilation, especially the against the English language, Protestantism, and the dominant Irish Catholic hierarchy (Langellier, 2009).Franco Americans have been shaped by Catholicism, by their language, by dedication to family and work, and by a conservatism that arose from their rural roots (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005). They kept their faith, language, and culture as an ethnic victory.Their ethnic survival is named la survivance, the passionate effort to maintain French identity in North America. Through sheer stubbornness, French feel, and a long memory, la survivance focused on language retention, strict allegiance to the Catholic Church, parochial schooling and ethnic social organizations (Langellier, 2009). Church power secured French identity through its hold on education, by parochial schools unifying language, faith and customs. These schools anchored the neighborhoods, reproducing rural vil cast awayes in urban settings to create resistance in assimilation (Langellier, 2009). This devotion to the French language and Catholic faith made Franco Americans the targets of religious hostility and racist attacks. In the 1880s and again in 1920s, French Catholics were the target of cross burnings by the Ku K lux Klan (Langellier, 2009).Always a hardworking group, even the British could not deny their resilient efforts. The French would do and make do. It was said in our lives nothing is thought, everything is done (Langellier, 2009). By the 1940s, the Franco community was largely working class in the United States (Langellier, 2009). Despite their work ethic, if we were to take the state of Maine as a relative sample, we would see that Franco Americans lag the rest of the population in earnings and education according to the 2010 census data. Among older French Americans, there is a strong connection between pride in culture and economic success (Long, 2012). Today, Maines largest ethnic populous is of French descent, however more than 98 percent of Mainers classified as Franco-American were born in the United States, and the French language is no longer central to Franco identity (Long, 2012). Of those coming of age Franco Mainers 82% expressed doubts about the value of college and ev en so 19% identified themselves as unemployed. One clear poll showed how having one family member attend college, spurred others to value education. This has increased emphasis on programs that honor Franco-American heritage and culture toward economic benefits (Long, 2012).The North American French embodies a cultural identity that has persisted for 400 years, enduring as a quiet presence of Franco Americans. Franco Americans are twice immigrants, first from France to New France and then from Canada to the U.S. (Langellier, 2009). 200 years of discrimination, oppression, and poverty have shaped the Franco American culture and character that yokes ethnic pride with ethnic shame. Within the white ethnic hierarchy, Franco Americans have been at the bottom (Langellier, 2009). As recently as the 1980s, young children were place in speech therapy to separate their accents writes langellier. Franco Americans tend to distrust even other ethnic groups that have been the target of prejudice s as they have suffered abuse and discrimination, the survival of Franco Americans is in their spirit of endurance (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005). death chair Clintons race advisory board concluded that racial legacies of the past continue to haunt modern policies and practices that create unfair disparities between minority and majority groups (Sue, et al., 2007). Franco Americans have experienced distinct racial disparities and micro aggressions including alien in ones own land, ascription of intelligence, denial of individual racism, anthologizing cultural values, chat styles, second class status and environmental invalidation.Oppression is related in or so way or another to most of the problems presented to counselors (Hanna, Talley, Guindon, 2000). For effective counseling to occur, states Sue, et al (2007), a positive coalition must develop between the counselor and client and working with clients who differ from the therapist in race, ethnicity, religion, culture an d sexual predilection can pose special challenges. Franco Americans emphasize conformity, respect for authority and institutions, family loyalty, religious traditions, hard work and sensational self-control (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005).Anger is often a hidden emotion within the family and is either not allowed or vented passive aggressively when anger does erupt, silence, slamming doors, or self punishment are common expressions(McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005).Today the French speaking population in this country is concentrated in mainly the northeast and in Louisiana, yet it is the third language group in the unify states. Counselors in these areas have a primary need to raise their cultural consciousnesses about the French American experience(Hagel, 1978).In France, counseling looks very different than in the US. Professionals in the fields of counseling have different qualifications and often act as either vocational counselors or counseling psychologists (Bernarud , Cohen-Scali, Guichard, 2007).The word counseling in French is often misunderstood. The closest translation is conseil which literally means advice. For the French, counseling is far removed from the idea of therapy. counseling is sometimes scorned and absent from some mental health manuals, at times presented as a quick fix remedy. (Bernarud, Cohen-Scali, Guichard, 2007)and Counseling psychology textbooks commonly referenced do not last in the French language. (Bernarud, Cohen-Scali, Guichard, 2007)Little has been published on psychotherapy with Franco Americans. (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005) The increasing federal support for French bilingual education programs and dissemination of Franco oriented publications signalize to the need for the study of Franco American culture. This study can greatly enrich the cross cultural experience of the counselor and client as well as foster renewed self awareness and pride. (Hagel, 1978)The French have a long history of self help . Personal problems were considered too intimate to share with a therapist stranger. Working the problem out on ones own or tolerating it is still a common ethic. Franco Americans are tentative in therapy and interventions may take time. The more pragmatic a therapists advice is, the more likely the client will return. Given the familys apprehension and resistance, the therapists ability to establish rapport is paramount. Franco Americans have traditionally led private lives, characterized by persistence, a spirit of independence and resourcefulness (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005)The most common justification mechanisms are denial, displacement, sublimination and rationalization. They may have a tendency to scapegoat, assume the martyr. the therapist may begin intensive brief therapy only by the third or fourth session when the qualities of survivance persistence, endurance and tenacity have been invested in the therapeutic bond. Crisis brings a need for practical behavioral solutions and A cognitive behavioral start tends to be effective. (McGoldrick, Giordano, Pearce, 2005)Most French ancestors rarely wish to discuss their ethnicity in treatment, according to mcgoldrick,et al. (2005). And reject an early emphasis on ethnicity in family therapy. However, if the therapist refuses to eff the significance of racism or ethnicity in treatment, the alliance between therapist and client will breakdown. The willingness to discuss racial matters is of central importance in creating a therapeutic alliance. (Sue, et al., 2007) it is often pointed out that when clinician and client differ from one another along racial lines, the relationship may serve as a microcosm for impress race relations in the us. (Sue, et al., 2007) often unintentional micro aggressions occur that pose the biggest challenge to the majority of white mental health professionals that have not developed their own white identity and are unintentional an unconscious in expressing their bias. Cultural competence requires racial self-awareness. (Sue, et al., 2007) As a result of having little or no awareness of their ethnic history, Franco Americans make family sized stories into group sized stories an over generalizing that takes away from their history and cultural identity. (Langellier, 2009)There is a correlativity between cultural pride and success, With traditional institutions such as the church, workplace and family that passed along cultural knowledge from generation to generation losing influence, integrating studies of Franco-American cultures, would be secure because having a strong sense of who you are and where you come from means youre more likely to be successful,(Long, 2012) Being cognizant of white racial identity development to identify racial micro aggressions as nearly all interracial encounters are prone. (Sue, et al., 2007)BibliographyBernaud, J., Cohen-Scali, V., Guichard, J. (2007, January). Counseling Psychology in France A Paradoxical Situ ation.Applied Psychology,56(1), 131-151. inside10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00281.xDoughty, A. G. (1922).The Acadian Exiles, A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline(Vol. 9, pp. 1-161). Toronto, Canada Glasgow, Brook Company.Hagel, P. L. (1978, April). 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